Kumasulira pakati pa zinenero ziwiri zomwe sizigawana banja lofanana ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zovuta kwambiri m'gulu la ophunzira za malingaliro a zinenero. Chichewa, chomwe ndi chinenero chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'maiko monga Malawi ndi Zambia komanso mbali zina za Mozambique, chimachokera m'banja la zinenero za Bantu (Niger-Congo). Koma Chisilovenia, chinenero champhamvu cha ku Central Europe chomwe chimalankhulidwa ndi anthu opitilira miliyoni awiri ku Slovenia, chimachokera m'banja la zinenero za Indo-European, makamaka gulu la South Slavic. Kusamutsa uthenga kuchokera ku mapangidwe a Bantu kupita ku mapangidwe a Slavic kumafuna chidziwitso chozama chotchedwa 'transcreation' komanso kumvetsetsa kwathunthu kwa malamulo a galamala a zinenero ziwirizi.
Mphamvu ya Galamala: Magulu a Maina ndi Ma Kesi (Cases)
Chinthu choyamba chimene chimabweretsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zinenerozi ndi momwe maina amagwirira ntchito m'ziganizo. Mu Chichewa, maina onse amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana omwe amadziwika kuti "Magulu a Maina" (Noun Classes). Gulu lililonse lili ndi kalata kapena zilembo zake zomwe zimalamulira mawu onse odalira pa dzinalo, monga maverbu, zotanthauzira, ndi zolumikizira. Mwachitsanzo, dzina loti "munthu" (gulu la 1) limatsimikizira kuti verebu lidzayamba ndi "a-" (munthu amatha), pamene dzina loti "chinthu" (gulu la 7) limafuna verebu loyamba ndi "chi-" (chinthu chimatha). Mgwirizano umenewu ndi wofunikira kwambiri mu Chichewa ndipo umapangitsa kuti chiganizo chikhale chomveka komanso chosavuta kumva.
Koma mu Chisilovenia, dongosolo limeneli ndi losiyana kotheratu. Chilankhulochi chilibe magulu a maina a Bantu, m'malo mwake chimagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa "mitsuko ya maina" kapena "ma kesi" (sklanjatve m'Chisilovenia). Chisilovenia chili ndi ma kesi asanu ndi limodzi (nominativ, rodilnik, dajalnik, tožilnik, mestnik, ndi orodnik) omwe amasintha mapeto a maina, zotanthauzira, ndi matchulidwe malingana ndi udindo womwe dzina lili nawo m'chiganizo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dzina limodzi likhoza kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana opitilira khumi kutengera ngati lili chinthu chochitidwa, ochita, kapena ngati lili malo omwe chinthu chikuchitikira. Womasulira akuyenera kumvetsetsa mgwirizano wa Chichewa ndikuusinthira m'ma kesi a Chisilovenia popanda kutaya chidziwitso cha amene akuchita ndi amene akuchitiridwa zinthu.
Chinsinsi cha 'Dvojina' (Dual Number) m'Chisilovenia
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimadabwitsa omasulira ambiri omwe amadziwa bwino Chichewa ndi kachitidwe ka chiwerengero cha ziwiri (Dual Number) chomwe chimadziwika kuti "Dvojina" m'Chisilovenia. M'zinenero zambiri za m'banja la Bantu, kuphatikizapo Chichewa, tili ndi chiwerengero cha chinthu chimodzi (singular/chimodzi) ndi zinthu zambiri (plural/zambiri). Mwachitsanzo: "buku" (chimodzi) ndi "mabuku" (ambiri - kaya ali awiri, khumi, kapena zana). Komabe, Chisilovenia chimateteza njira ya makolo akale ya Indo-European yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera a zinthu ziwiri ndendende.
Ngati mukulankhula za anthu awiri kapena zinthu ziwiri m'Chisilovenia, simungagwiritse ntchito mawonekedwe a zinthu zambiri (plural). Muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito "dvojina". Mwachitsanzo, ngati munasulira chiganizo choti "ndiri ndi mabuku awiri" kuchokera m'Chichewa, womasulira wamasiku ano ayenera kusintha mawu oti "mabuku" ndi "awiri" kukhala mu mawonekedwe a dual m'Chisilovenia (monga "imam dve knjigi" m'malo mwa plural "knjige"). Kulakwitsa kumeneku kumatha kupangitsa kuti owerenga a Chisilovenia aone kuti zolankhulazo sizomveka bwino kapena n'zopanda ukatswiri.
Kusintha Maverbu ndi Nthawi
Maverbu a Chichewa amakhala ndi mapangidwe omwe amasonyeza nthawi, mchitidwe, komanso maganizo mwa kuphatikiza ma prefixes ndi ma infixes osiyanasiyana (monga "ndidzagula" kumene "ndi-" ndi munthu, "-dza-" ndi nthawi ya m'tsogolo, ndipo "-gula" ndi tsinde la verebu). M'Chisilovenia, maverbu amadalira kwambiri mchitidwe wotchedwa "verbal aspect" (dovršni ndi nedovršni glagoli). Izi zikutanthauza kuti verebu limasinthidwa kukhala m'njira yomwe imasonyeza kuti chinthucho chatha kale kotheratu (perfective) kapena chidali chikuchitika ndipo chitha kupitilira (imperfective). Womasulira akuyenera kusamala kuti mchitidwe wosonyezedwa mu Chichewa usatayike pakusankha verebu loyenera m'Chisilovenia.
Zipinga za Chikhalidwe Ndi Transcreation
Kumasulira sikutanthauza kungosintha mawu n'kuika ena, koma ndikusamutsa chikhalidwe. Dziko la Malawi ndi dziko lotentha, lomwe lili ndi zikhalidwe komanso zakudya monga "nsima", "gule wamkulu", ndi miyambo yokhudza ulemu kwa akuluakulu (monga kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "bambo" kapena "amayi" polemekeza anthu omwe si makolo ako enieni). Kumbali ena, Slovenia ndi dziko la ku Europe lomwe lili ndi mapiri a chipale chofeŵa komanso miyambo ya Alpine ndi Chikhristu chakumadzulo.
Pamaso pa zovuta izi, womasulira akuyenera kutsatira njira izi:
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito Fotokozani (Explicative Translation): Mukakumana ndi mawu ngati "nsima", m'malo mongoti "chotupitsa chiponde" kapena zoterezi m'Chisilovenia, mungagwiritse ntchito njira yofotokozera kuti ndi chakudya chopangidwa ndi ufa wa chimanga chomwe chimadya ndi manja ndi ndiwo.
- Kusunga Mawu a Chikhalidwe (Cultural Borrowing): Mawu ena amakhala ndi kukoma komwe kungatayike ngati atamasuliridwa. Ndi bwino kuwasunga m'Chichewa koma n'kuika mawu ofotokozera m'mbali (glossary kapena footnotes) m'Chisilovenia.
- Kulinganiza Miyambi (Idiomatic Adaptation): Mwambi wa Chichewa monga "tsoka la mnzako lipatsa nzeru" suyenera kumasuliridwa mawu ndi mawu (word-for-word). M'malo mwake, pezani mwambi wofanana nawo m'Chisilovenia womwe umapereka phunziro lomweli, monga "pametni se uči na napakah drugih" (munthu wanzeru amaphunzirira pa zolakwitsa za ena).
Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira Chichewa Kupita ku Chisilovenia
Kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pakumasulira zolemba zanu, nazi njira zotsimikizika zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito:
- Kufufuza Context Mokwanira: Onetsetsani kuti muli ndi chidziwitso cha komwe lembalo lidzashagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kodi ndi lemba lalamulo, lakuchipatala, kapena ndi nkhani ya m'mabuku? Izi zidzakuthandizani kusankha mtundu vya chilankhulo komanso register yoyenera m'Chisilovenia.
- Gwiritsani Ntchito Madikishonare a Zinenero Zitatu: Popeza palibe madikishonare ambiri apakati pa Chichewa ndi Chisilovenia, womasulira amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito Chingerezi monga mlatho. Tanthauzirani mawu a Chichewa kupita m'Chingerezi choyale, ndiyeno fufuzani matanthauzo oyenera kwambiri achisilovenia ochokera m'Chingerezi, ndikugwirizanitsa ndi context.
- Kupenda ndi Akatswiri (Proofreading): Lemba likamasuliridwa, ndilofunika kwambiri kuti lipendedwe ndi munthu yemwe amalankhula Chisilovenia ngati chinenero chake chobadwa nacho (native speaker). Izi zimathandiza kuchotsa zolakwika zonse za kapangidwe ka ziganizo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti lembalo likumveka mwachilengedwe komanso mwaukadaulo.
Kusinthana kwa malingaliro ndi uthenga pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chisilovenia kumawonetsa kukongola kwa kusiyana kwa anthu ndi zinenero zawo. Pogwiritsa ntchito luso lamasiku ano, kumvetsetsa mozama malamulo a galamala, komanso kusunga ulemu pa chikhalidwe cha chilankhulo chilichonse, omasulira amatha kupanga milatho yolimba yomwe imagwirizanitsa anthu a ku Africa ndi a ku Central Europe mwa njira yomveka bwino komanso yogwira mtima.