I te ao hurihuri o te whakapāho me te whakapiri i ngā iwi o ngā tōpito e whā o te ao, kua piki te hiahia ki te whakawhiti i ngā kōrero i waenga i ngā reo taketake me ngā reo ā-motu kāore i tino hono ā-whakapapa. Ko tētahi o ēnei hononga motuhake ko te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori o Aotearoa ki te reo Hingara (Sinhala) o Sri Lanka. Ahakoa he rerekē rawa ō rātou tūturutanga ā-tinana, ā-matawhenua hoki, he nui ngā matapono e hiahiatia ana kia mārama te kaiwhakawhiti reo hei kōmitimiti i ēnei reo e rua me te kore e ngaro te mana o te kupu taketake.
Ngā Whakapapa o ngā Reo: Matua Whakapapa me te Hanga a-Reo
Ki te mārama ki ngā wero o te whakawhiti reo, me mātua titiro ki te whakapapa o ngā reo e rua. Ko te reo Māori he reo nō te whānau reo Ahitonihia (Austronesian), e whakamahi ana i te hanganga kupu pēnei i te Tūmahi-Tūpou-Tūingoa (Verb-Subject-Object - VSO). He reo whakamahi matūmuri me te matūmua (affixes and particles) te reo Māori hei tohu i te wā, te ahunga, me te hononga o ngā kupu. I tētahi taha, ko te reo Hingara he reo nō te whānau reo Iniana-Uropi (Indo-European), ina rā ko te peka Iniana-Aria (Indo-Aryan). He rerekē rawa tōna hanganga kupu, ara, ko te Tūpou-Tūingoa-Tūmahi (Subject-Object-Verb - SOV). Ko tēnei rerekētanga matua te taumahatanga tuatahi mā te kaiwhakawhiti reo, i te mea me wetewete, me whakahuri katoa te raupapatanga o te rerenga kōrero kia pai ai te rere ki te reo Hingara.
Te Wetereo: Mai i te VSO ki te SOV
He mea nui kia āta wetewetehia te rereke o te wetereo i waenga i te reo Māori me te reo Hingara. I roto i te reo Māori, ka tīmata te nuinga o ngā rerenga kōrero ki te kupu mahi, ki tētahi tohu wā rānei, pēnei i te: "Kua kai te tamaiti i te ripeka." I konei, ko te kupu mahi (kai) kei mua i te tūpou (te tamaiti). Ina whakawhitihia tēnei ki te reo Hingara, ka huri te raupapa ki te SOV: "Tamaiti ripeka kai-kua." (I te reo Hingara: ළමයා පාන් කෑවා - Lamayā pān kāwā). Ki te kore te kaiwhakawhiti reo e whai i tēnei raupapatanga matua o te reo Hingara, ka ahua tauhou, ka kore rānei e mārama te rerenga kōrero ki te hunga whakarongo o Sri Lanka.
I tua atu i te raupapatanga o ngā kupu, he take nui anō te wetereo e pā ana ki ngā tūpoto (particles) me ngā kūmuri (suffixes). Kāore he kupu pēnei i te "i", "ki", "kei", "hei" o te reo Māori i te reo Hingara. Engari, ka whakamahia e te reo Hingara ngā tūpoto muri (postpositions) me ngā kūmuri ahua (case suffixes) e whakapirihia ana ki te mutunga o te tūingoa. Hei tauira, ko te kupu Māori "ki te whare" ka noho ki te reo Hingara ko "whare-ki" (gedarata). Me matatau te kaiwhakawhiti ki ēnei huringa wetereo kia kore ai e hapa te tikanga o te rere o te kōrero.
Te Ao Wairua me te Ao Ahurea: Te Whakawhiti i ngā Ariā Motuhake
Ko te whakawhiti reo ehara i te mea piri kupu ki te kupu anake; he mahi whakawhiti ahurea, whakawhiti ao hoki. He nui ngā ariā hōhonu o te ao Māori kāore he tino rite i roto i te ao Hingara, me te rereke hoki. Anei ētahi o ngā kupu matua e hiahiatia ana he mātanga wetewete:
- Mana: He kupu hōhonu tēnei e tohu ana i te mana rangatira, te whai mana, me te wairua. I te reo Hingara, ahakoa he kupu pēnei i te "prathāpa" rānei "balaya", kāore ēnei kupu e tino kapi i te āhua wairua me te hononga tupuna o te mana Māori. Ma te whakamahi i te kupu whakamārama (descriptive translation) te kaiwhakawhiti reo e whakaatu i te tino tikanga o te mana ki te reo Hingara.
- Tapu: Ahakoa ka taea te whakawhiti ki te kupu Hingara "kili" - e pā ana ki te poke ā-ahurea, ki te "pawul" rānei - ko te tapu o te ao Māori he mea tapu, he mea ārai wairua. Kei te ao Hingara hoki te ariā o te "pūjaniya" e tohu ana i ngā mea tapu ā-karakia, engari me tupato te kaiwhakawhiti ki te kōwhiri i te kupu e tika ana mo te tūpāto.
- Kaitiakitanga: He kupu hou ake nei i roto i ngā kōrero whakahaere taiao engari he tawhito tōna take. I te reo Hingara, ka taea te kī ko te "kārakathwaya" rānei "ārakshaka", engari ko te wairua o te tiaki taiao ā-wairua me te hononga ki te whenua te mea nui kia kaua e ngaro.
Ngā Wāhanga o te Tūmahi me te Tānga o te Mahi
He tino rerekē hoki te wetereo o ngā tūmahi. I te reo Māori, he tino nui te whakamahi i ngā tohu wā me te tūāhua o te mahi (aspect markers) pēnei i te "e... ana" hei tohu i te mahi e haere tonu ana, te "kua" mo te mahi kua oti, me te "ka" mo te wā heke. I te reo Hingara, ka tuituia ngā tohu wā ki roto tonu i te tūmahi ma te whakamahi i ngā tauira kūmuri rerekē, me te ahua hoki o te reo whakaiti (formal or informal style). He nui ngā ahua o te kupu mahi i te reo Hingara i runga i te taumata o te tangata e kōrero ana (honorifics), he take kāore i te tino kitea i te reo Māori me tōna reo rangatira e ōrite ana mo te katoa.
Ngā Tohutohu Whaitake mā te Kaiwhakawhiti Reo
Mā te hunga e hiahia ana ki te uru atu ki tēnei mahi whakaharahara, e whai ake nei ētahi tohutohu matua hei whai mā koutou:
- Arotahi ki te Rere o te Whakaaro, kaua ki te Kupu: Ina whakawhiti ana mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Hingara, me matua wāwāhi i te rerenga kōrero ki ngā wāhanga matua o te whakaaro, kātahi ka hanga anō i tērā whakaaro ki roto i te wetereo Hingara.
- Kia Mōhio ki ngā Reo o te Hāhi me te Tikanga: I Sri Lanka, he nui te awe o te reo Whakapono (Buddhism) me te reo Sanskrit ki runga i te reo Hingara. Ina whakawhiti ana i ngā kōrero ōkawa nō te ao Māori, me whakamahi i ngā kupu Hingara e whai take ana ki te ahurea teitei (formal register) kia hāngai ai te honore o te kōrero.
- Whakamahia ngā Rōpū Awhina me te Rorohiko: Ahakoa he iti ngā tikanga ipurangi e hono tika ana i ēnei reo e rua, ma te whakamahi i te reo tuatoru (pēnei i te reo Ingarihi) hei arawhata e awhina i te kaiwhakawhiti reo ki te whakataurite i ngā whakamāramatanga kupu wetereo.
- Ata Whakamanahia te Aotearoatanga: Kaua e whakakorehia ngā kupu Māori pēnei i te "whānau", "hapū", "iwi" rānei ina kore e kitea he kupu Hingara e ōrite ana. Engari, me pupuri te kupu Māori taketake, me te whakauru atu i tētahi whakamārama poto ki te reo Hingara i roto i te tuhinga.
He mahi hōhonu te whakawhiti reo i waenga i te reo Māori me te reo Hingara. Mā te hāpai i te wetereo e tika ana, me te whakahonore i ngā tikanga ahurea o ia iwi, e taea ai te hanga arawhata kaha e hono ana i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki te Moana Iniana. Ma te marama o te mahi rangahau me te tupato o te kōwhiringa kupu e matapoporetia ai te mana o ngā reo e rua.