Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili ezingafani neze ngokomlando, ngesakhiwo nangendawo efana nesiZulu (ulimi lwesiBantu olukhulunywa eNingizimu Afrika) nesiRashiya (ulimi lwesiSlavic olukhulunywa e-Eastern Europe nase-Asia) kuwumsebenzi odinga ubuchule obusezingeni eliphezulu. IsiZulu singolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni eNingizimu Afrika, kanti isiRashiya singolunye lwezilimi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi zilimi zombili zinezinhlelo zolimi ezihluke ngokuphelele, okwenza ukuhumusha kusuka olimini lwesiZulu kuya olimini lwesiRashiya kube yinselelo enkulu kodwa futhi kube nethuba elihle lokuxhumanisa amasiko amabili ahlukene.
Isakhiwo Solimi Nendlela Yokusetshenziswa Kwaso
Inselelo yokuqala neyinhloko lapho kuhunyushwa kusuka olimini lwesiZulu kuya olimini lwesiRashiya ilele esakhiweni salezi zilimi zombili. IsiZulu siwulimi olusebenzisa kakhulu izijobelelo neziqalo (agglutinative language), lapho amagama akhiwa ngokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezahlukene zamagama ukuze kuvele incazelo ephelele. Ngokwesibonelo, isenzo esisodwa sesiZulu singaqukatha isivumelwano sikamenzi, isikhathi senzo, isivumelwano sikamemenzi, nempande yesenzo uqobo lwayo (isibonelo: "ngizokubona" - ngi-zo-ku-bona).
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiRashiya siwulimi olusebenzisa izindlela zokuguqula amagama (inflected language) ikakhulukazi ngezindlela zokuphela kwamagama (suffixes). IsiRashiya sinezimo zamabizo eziyisithupha (cases) ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-padezhi. Lezi zimo yilezi: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, ne-Prepositional. Lapho uhumusha igama lesiZulu elinomqondo othile, kufanele uqonde ukuthi lelo gama lizosebenza kanjani emshweni wesiRashiya ukuze ukhethe isimo esifanele sombhalo wesiRashiya. Ukungakhethi isimo esifanele kungadala ukuthi umusho ungazwakali kahle noma ulahlekelwe yincazelo yawo yangempela.
Izigaba Zamabizo vs. Ubulili Bamabizo
IsiZulu saziwa kakhulu ngohlelo lwaso lwezigaba zamabizo (noun classes), lapho amabizo ehlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezingaphezuegu-15 kuye ngezinto eziyizidalwa eziphilayo, izihlahla, izinto ezibambekayo, imiqondo engabambeki, nokunye. Lesi sigaba samabizo sinquma isivumelwano sayo yonke eminye imisho ehambisana nalo (isibonelo: "Umfana omkhulu ugijima kakhulu" vs "Izincwadi ezinkulu ziwile").
Olimini lwesiRashiya, lolu hlelo alukho. Esikhundleni salokho, isiRashiya sisebenzisa ubulili bamabizo obuthathu: owobudoda (masculine), owobufazi (feminine), nolungathathi hlangothi (neuter). Umhumushi kufanele akwazi ukuhumusha lezi zivumelwano zesiZulu aye kuzivumelwano zobulili zesiRashiya ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umqondo wobuningi noma wobunye kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwamagama emshweni.
Ukuguquka Kwezinhlamvu Zokubhala (Script Transition)
IsiZulu sibhalwa ngohlelo lwezinhlamvu zesiLatini (Latin alphabet) olujwayelekile olusetshenziswa nasesingisini, nakuba lunezindlela ezithile zokubiza amagama ezikhethekile njengokuchofoza (clicks like c, q, x). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiRashiya sibhalwa ngohlelo lwezinhlamvu zesiCyrillic (Cyrillic script). Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho uhumusha amagama athile afana namagama abantu noma ezindawo (proper nouns) asuka olimini lwesiZulu, kufanele kwenziwe inqubo yokuguqula umsindo ube ngolunye uhlamvu (transliteration).
Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi "Sipho" kumele lihunyushwe ngendlela ezwakalayo olimini lwesiRashiya njenge- "Сипхо" noma "Сипо" kuye ngendlela yokubiza amagama. Le nqubo idinga ukuba umhumushi abe nolwazi olunzulu ngemisindo yazo zombili lezi zilimi ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi amagama abhalwa ngendlela efanele futhi ebonisa ukubaluleka kwabo kwasekuqaleni.
Amasiko Nemisho Eyisipesheli (Idiomatic Expressions and Culture)
Ukuhumusha akukhona nje ukushintsha amagama usuka kolunye ulimi uya kolunye, kodwa kuwukuhumusha isiko. IsiZulu sinezisho eziningi nezaga ezisuselwa emasikweni nendlela yokuphila yabantu bakwaZulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isisho esithi "ukumisa idolo" kusho ukulinda kancane noma ukubekezela. Lapho uhumushela lesi sisho olimini lwesiRashiya, ukuhumusha igama negama (literal translation) kungadala ukuthi umbhalo ungazwakali kahle kumfundi wesiRashiya (ungathi "поставить колено").
Kunalokho, umhumushi kufanele afune isisho sesiRashiya esinomqondo ofanayo, njengokuthi "подождать немного" (ukulinda kancane) noma sebenzisa isisho sesiRashiya esijwayelekile esichaza ukubekezela noma ukulinda. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-cultural transcreation, lapho okuqukethwe kuhlelwa kabusha ukuze kufaneleka kahle olimini nasesikweni elihunyushelwa kulo.
Izeluleko Eziwusizo Kubahumushi BesiZulu NgesiRashiya
Ukuze ukwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wokuhumusha osezingeni eliphezulu kusuka olimini lwesiZulu kuya olimini lwesiRashiya, nazi izeluleko ezibalulekile okufanele uzilandele:
- Qonda Umongo Wombhalo: Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuhumusha, funda wonke umbhalo ukuze uqonde umongo nendlela umbhali afuna ukudlulisa ngayo umlayezo.
- Sebenzisa Izichazamazwi Ezinokwethenjelwa: Sebenzisa izichazamazwi ezikhethekile zesiZulu nesiRashiya, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi uhlola izincazelo zamagama ezimeni ezahlukene zomlando namasiko.
- Naka Uhlelo Lwezikhathi Zesenzo (Tense System): Izikhathi zesenzo olimini lwesiZulu zinezincazelo eziningi ezifana nezenzo eziqhubekayo neziqediwe. Olimini lwesiRashiya, lokhu kuhunyushwa kusetshenziswa izici zezenzo (aspects - imperfective and perfective verbs), okudinga ukunakwa okukhulu.
- Funda Ngezindlela Zokubhala ZesiRashiya: Ukuze umbhalo wakho ube musha futhi ufandeke kalula, uqinisekise ukuthi ulandela imithetho yokubhala, yezimpawu zokuloba (punctuation) nendlela yokwakha imisho yesiRashiya.
- Buza Kubantu Abakhuluma Lolu Limi: Uma ungabaza ngokusetshenziswa kwegama elithile noma isisho, thintana nomhumushi ongumdabu (native speaker) wolimi lwesiRashiya noma lwesiZulu ukuze uthole isiqiniseko sokugcina.
Ukubaluleka Kokuhunyushwa Kwezobuchwepheshe Nobuchwepheshe Besimanje
Kulezi zikhathi zamanje, ukuhumusha phakathi kwesiZulu nesiRashiya kuya ngokuya kukhula ngenxa yezohwebo, ezemfundo nobudlelwano bamazwe omabili. Ukuhumusha imibhalo yezomthetho, yezokwelapha, neyezobuchwepheshe kudinga ukunemba okusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amathuluzi okuhumusha edijithali (machine translation tools) asiza kakhulu, kodwa asadinga iso lomuntu onolwazi ukuze alungise iziphosiso zolimi nezingqinamba zamasiko ahlukene ahlulekayo ukubonwa yi-computer.
Ukuhumusha kusuka olimini lwesiZulu kuya olimini lwesiRashiya kunika abantu ithuba lokubona ubuhle bezilimi zombili, futhi kudala amathuba amasha okubambisana emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yomhlaba. Ngokulandela lezi zinqubo nezindlela ezingcono, ungaba umhumushi ophumelelayo futhi usize ekwakheni amabhuloho aqinile phakathi kweNingizimu Afrika neRussia.