Te Timatanga o te Ara: He Hononga i waenga i nga Ao Rerekē e Rua
Ko te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Kariki (Ελληνικά) he mahi whakaharahara e hono ana i tētahi reo o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki tētahi o ngā reo whai mana o te ao tawhito o Ūropi. Ehara tēnei i te mahi whakakapi kupu noa; he wero nui tēnei ki te taha ki te reo me te ahurea. Ahakoa he rerekē te takenga mai o ēnei reo e rua—he reo Ahitonihia (Austronesian) te reo Māori, he reo Ingo-Ūropi (Indo-European) te reo Kariki—he hōhonu te ahurea o rātou e kōrero ana i ēnei reo. Mā tēnei aratohu e whakaatu ngā tikanga matua, ngā rerekētanga ā-hanganga, me ngā tūtohu hira hei whai mā te kaiwhakawhiti reo e angitu ai te mahi whakawhiti i te kupu me tōna wairua e rere tonu ai.
Ngā Rerekētanga o te Hanganga me te wetereo: VSO me te SVO
Ko tētahi o ngā wero nui rawa atu mō te kaiwhakawhiti ko te rerekē o te whakaritenga kupu i roto i te rerenga kōrero. Ko te reo Māori te nuinga o te wā he reo Kupu Mahi-Kaimahi-Tānga (VSO - Verb-Subject-Object). Hei tauira, e kī ana tātou: "Kua kai te tamaiti i te aporo." Ka tīmata i te kupu mahi (kai), ka whai te tangata (te tamaiti), katahi ka puta te whāinga (te aporo).
Kua rerekē te reo Kariki. He reo Kaimahi-Kupu Mahi-Tānga (SVO - Subject-Verb-Object) tōna āhua matua, ahakoa he tino ngāwari te whakatakotoranga kupu i roto i ngā rerenga kōrero na te wāhi ki ngā pūmuri wetereo (inflections). I te reo Kariki, ka kīia pea: "Το παιδί έφαγε το μήλο" (To paidi efage to milo) - "Ko te tamaiti (Subject) i kai (Verb) i te aporo (Object)". Ina whakawhiti mai i te reo Māori, me āta whakatikatika te hanganga o te rerenga kōrero kia pai ai te pānui i te reo Kariki. Ki te kore e whakarerekētia te raupapa, ka rerekē te rongo a te taringa o te tangata pānui.
Anei ētahi o ngā tikanga wetereo hei maumahara mō te hanganga:
- Ngā Tātai Noun me te Ira (Gender and Declension): Kāore he ira (gender) ki ngā ingoa i te reo Māori. Engari i te reo Kariki, me tohu ngā ingoa katoa ki tōna ira: he tāne (masculine), he wāhine (feminine), he tūpoto ranei (neuter). Hei tauira, ko te rākau (tree) he tūpoto (το δέντρο - neuter), ko te moana (sea) he wāhine (η θάλασσα - feminine).
- Kupu Tūhono me ngā Matūriki (Particles): E whakawhirinaki nui ana te reo Māori ki ngā matūriki pēnei i a "e", "i", "ki", "kei", "hei" hei tohu i te wā me te hononga o ngā kupu. I te reo Kariki, ka whakamahia ngā pūmua (prepositions) pēnei i a "σε" (se), "από" (apo), me ngā wāhanga wetereo e kīia nei ko te 'cases' (nominative, genitive, accusative, vocative) hei tohu i te mahi a te kupu i roto i te rerenga.
- Ngā Tūāhua me ngā Tūmahi (Adjectives and Verbs): I te reo Māori, ka whai the tūāhua i te ingoa (pēnei i te "whare nui"). I te reo Kariki, ka haere te tūāhua ki mua i te ingoa ("μεγάλο σπίτι" - megalo spiti). Me whakaae hoki te tūāhua ki te ira, te koki, me te maha o te ingoa e whakaahuatia ana.
Te Maha me ngā Kupu Whakakapi: Te Wero o te 'Dual' me te 'Plural'
Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga nui ko ngā kupu whakakapi tangata (pronouns). I te reo Māori, he tino tōtika te wehewehe i te maha o ngā tangata: te takitahi (singular), te takirua (dual - tāua, māua), me te takitini (plural - tātou, mātou). He nui hoki ngā wāhanga ki te whakauru (inclusive) me te whakaputa (exclusive) i te tangata e kōrero ana.
Kāore he takirua (dual) o ngā kupu whakakapi i roto i te reo Kariki Hou. E rua anake ngā wāhanga: ko te takitahi (singular) me te takitini (plural). I te wā e whakawhiti ana i te kupu "tāua" (ko koe me ahau) rānei "māua" (ko ia me ahau, kaua ko koe), me āta whakaatu te huinga tangata ki te reo Kariki mā te whakamahi i ngā kupu tapiri pēnei i te "εμείς οι δύο" (emeis oi dyo - tātou te tokorua) kia kore ai e ngaro te tikanga matua o te rerenga kōrero. Hei taapiri, he rerekē hoki te reo Kariki na te mea he tohu tohu whai mana (honorifics/formal address) tō te takitini o te wāhi tuarua ("εσείς" - eseis) hei whakaatu i te whakaute ki te tangata i te wā e kōrero ana ki te tangata kotahi engari he mana tōna.
Te Kōrero Hāngū me te Kōrero Whāngai (Passive Voice)
Kei te reo Māori tētahi wetereo tino kaha mō te kōrero hāngū (passive voice). E whakamahia whānuitia ana te hāngū i roto i ngā kōrero tuku iho me ngā kōrero o ia rā na te whakamahi i ngā pūmuri pēnei i a "-tia", "-hia", "-ngia". He pai ake ki te reo Māori te kī: "I kainga te aporo e te tamaiti" i te kī "I kai te tamaiti i te aporo" i ētahi horopaki kōrero.
Ahakoa he kaha te kōrero hāngū i te reo Kariki (passive voice / παθητική φωνή), he rerekē tōna whakamahinga. Ko te nuinga o te wā e hāngai ana ki te tūmahi e pa ana ki te tangata e mahi ana ki a ia anō rānei (reflexive or middle voice). Mehemea ka whakamahia te hāngū i te reo Kariki, he tohu tērā mō te reo tino whai mana, reo tuhituhi rānei (formal or academic tone). Me āta arotake te kaiwhakawhiti i te reo o te tuhinga taketake: mehemea he pūrākau rānei, he tuhinga ture rānei, kia tika ai te whakamahi i te hanganga kaha (active) rānei te hanganga hāngū (passive) i te reo Kariki.
Te Whakawhiti i te Wairua Ahurea: Mai i te 'Mana' ki te 'Timē'
Ko te hunga pānui Kariki he tangata whai ahurea hōhonu hoki. Ko tētahi o ngā tino wero ko te whakamāori i ngā kupu tapu a te Māori pēnei i te *mana*, *tapu*, *mauri*, me te *wairua*. Karekau he kupu kotahi i te reo Kariki hei tohu i tēnei taha wairua ki taua tikanga tonu.
Mehemea ka whakaarohia te kupu *mana*, ka taea te hono atu ki ngā kupu Kariki pēnei i te "κύρος" (kyros - mana/influence) rānei ko te "τιμή" (time - honor/respect). Heoi anō, kāore tēnei e tohu i te wairua o te mana o te whenua, te mana tupuna rānei. Mō te kupu *kaitiakitanga*, pea ko te kupu tino tata i te reo Kariki ko te "διαχείριση" (diacheirisi - management) rānei "προστασία" (prostasia - protection), engari me taapiri he kupu whakamārama mō te tiaki i te taiao me te taha wairua. No reira, he mea nui mō te kaiwhakawhiti te whakamahi i ngā kupu whakamārama (transliteration or explanatory glossing) hei pupuri i te tapu me te wairua o te kōrero taketake, kia kore ai e pakaru te wairua o te reo taketake.
Ngā Tohutohu Matua mō te Kaiwhakawhiti Reo Māori ki te reo Kariki
Kia pai ai, kia whai kiko hoki te tuhinga whakamutunga, me whai i ēnei tohutohu hira:
- Mārama ki te Huinga Kaiwhakarongo (Target Audience): Maumahara ki te hunga pānui o Kariki. He hunga mārama ki te ahurea tawhito me te whakaaro hōhonu (philosophy). Whakamahia he reo e hautū ana i tō rātou ahurea kia pai ai te hononga o te tuhinga.
- Arohia ngā Tūmahi (Verb Aspects): I te reo Māori, ka tohu ngā matūriki wetereo (kua, e... ana, i) i te āhuatanga o te tūmahi (aspect: completed, ongoing, past). I te reo Kariki, he tino uaua te mahi a te tūmahi, he whānui ngā hanganga mō te wā (past, present, future) me te āhua (continuous, simple, perfect). Me ata whiriwhiri i te tūmahi Kariki e tika ana.
- Karohia te Whakawhiti Pū noa (Avoid Literal Translation): E kore e mahi te whakawhiti kupu-ki-te-kupu. Ki te whakawhiti pū noa koe, ka tū ke te hanga o te rerenga kōrero i te reo Kariki. Whakawhitia te ariā (concept) me te tikanga o te kōrero katoa.
- Māuiuitanga o te Reo Kariki Tawhito me te Reo Kariki Hou (Modern vs ancient Greek): Kia mahara kei te whakamahi koe i te reo Kariki Hou (Δημοτική - Dimotiki) hei kōrero ki te ao o nāianei, kaua ko te reo Kariki Tawhito (Katharevousa) rānei o te kawenata tawhito, kia kore ai e tino taimaha te pānui a te tangata.
He Whakarāpopototanga o te Hātepe Whakawhiti
Mā te whai i ngā taahiraa tika e whakarite te kounga o te mahi. Anei te raupapa o te mahi matua:
| Taahiraa | Mahi Matua | Tūtohu Kounga |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Te wetewete i te kōrero Māori | Mārama ki te pūtake me te ahurea o te kupu taketake. | Whautuhia ngā kupu matua pēnei i te *tino rangatiratanga* me te *kaitiakitanga*. |
| 2. Te restructuring hanganga | Whakarite i te rerenga kōrero mai i te VSO ki te SVO. | Whakanohohia te tūāhua ki mua i te ingoa i roto i te reo Kariki. |
| 3. Te kōwhiringa kupu Kariki | Kimihia ngā kupu e whakaatu ana i te wairua me te ira tika. | Ata titiro ki te ira (masculine/feminine/neuter) o te ingoa kua kōwhiria. |
| 4. Te arotake me te whakamātau | Tonoa he kaiwhakawhiti Kariki taketake hei arotake i te tuhinga. | Aukati i te reo wetereo rereke kia pai ai te rere. |
Ko te whakawhiti mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Kariki he ara e rapu ana i te mauri o te reo. Mā te whakaute ki ngā reo e rua, me te ata whiriwhiri i ngā kupu me te wetereo, ka taea te hanga i tētahi piriti e tūhonohono ana i a Aotearoa me Kariki mā te reo o te whakaaro, te wairua, me te tangata. Ko te maramatanga tōna hua nui.