Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa imvugo kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ujyana mu Kirusiya ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi, haba mu miterere y'ikibonezamvugo ndetse no mu muco w'abazirukamo. Ikinyarwanda, nka kimwe mu ndimi zikomoka mu muryango w'indimi z'ababantu (Bantu languages), n'Ikirusiya, nka kimwe mu ndimi z'abaslavu (Slavic languages), biterwa n'amateka n'imigendekere y'isi itandukanye cyane. Ibi bituma uburyo bwo guhindura bushobora kugorana niba umuhinduzi adafite inyubako y'isano iri hagati y'imiterere y'izi ndimi. Muri iyi nyandiko, turarebera hamwe imiterere, inyito, ibibazo bikunze kugaragara, n'inama z'ingirakamaro zafasha umuhinduzi wese ushaka gukora ubuhinduzi bwizewe kandi bw'umwimerere.
Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Ikibonezamvugo hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikirusiya
Kugira ngo ubashe guhindura neza Ikinyarwanda ubyerekeza mu Kirusiya, ugomba kubanza gusobanukirwa imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo y'izi ndimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda kirangwa n'ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes), aho izina ryose rigomba kugira inteko yaryo (urugero: inteko ya 1, ya 2, n'izindi). Ibi byiciro bifite uruhare rukomeye mu buryo inshinga n'ibinyazina bihuzwa mu ntero. Mu Kirusiya, nta byiciro by'amazina nk'ibyo mu Kinyarwanda bibaho; aho kubaho, bafite icyo bita "Genders" (igitsina cy'izina: izina ry'igabo, izina ry'igore, n'izina ritagira igitsina cyangwa "Neuter") ndetse n'imihindukire y'amazina ishingiye ku nshingano yayo mu ntero, bizwi nka "Cases" (Падежи - Padezhi).
Ikirusiya gifite padeji (cases) esheshatu z'ingenzi zikoreshwa mu guhindura amazina, ibinyazina, n'ibihe byabyo. Izi padeji zirimo: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, n'Prepositional. Umugereka cyangwa indome zongerwa ku mpera y'izina zihinduka bitewe n'uruhare izina rifite mu ntero. Kurundi ruhande, Ikinyarwanda cyo gikoresha uduhererezo n'udutangiriro (prefixes and suffixes) twometse ku nshinga kugira ngo byerekane ubufatanye, icyerekezo, cyangwa uruhare rw'izina. Niba uhindura interuro nk'iyi: "Umwana yatanze igitabo ku mwarimu," mu Kirusiya ugomba guhindura amazina "Umwana" (kuba nominative), "igitabo" (kuba accusative), n'"umwarimu" (kuba dative). Ibi bisaba ubumenyi buhanitse kugira ngo udakora amakosa y'ikibonezamvugo ashobora guhindura igisobanuro cyose cy'interuro.
Ibihe by'Inshinga n'Imikoreshereze yabyo: Imiterere y'Igihe n'Uburyo
Igihe cy'inshinga (verb tenses) mu Kinyarwanda kiraguye cyane kuko gifite ibihe bitandukanye nk'igihe kizaza, igihe cya none, igihe cyatambutse (haba mu gihe gito cyangwa kirekire). Mu Kirusiya, imiterere y'inshinga ishingiye ahanini ku kintu bita "Aspect" (Вид - Vid). Inshinga z'Ikirusiya zigabanywamo ibice bibiri: inshinga zerekana igikorwa kirimo gukorwa cyangwa kitararangira (Imperfective aspect / Несовершенный вид) n'inshinga zerekana igikorwa cyarangiye neza kandi cyatanze umusaruro (Perfective aspect / Совершенный вид).
Niba uhindura inshinga y'Ikinyarwanda "Gusoma", ugomba kumenya niba urimo guhindura igikorwa cyarangiye (igice cyo gusoma cyarangiye nka "прочитать") cyangwa niba ari igikorwa gikomeza (gukomeza gusoma nka "читать"). Guhitamo nabi hagati y'izi nshinga ebyiri mu Kirusiya bishobora gutuma umusomyi w'Umurusi yumva ko inyandiko ifite ibibazo cyangwa itumvikana neza. Ni ngombwa rero ko umuhinduzi asesengura neza umubiri w'interuro y'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo amenye neza igisobanuro nyacyo n'igihe gikwiye mbere yo guhitamo inshinga y'Ikirusiya ihwanye nayo.
Guhindura Imvugo z'Ikitange n'Umuco: Kuguma ku Kuri kw'Inyandiko
Umuco w'Abanyarwanda urimo imigani, ibisingizo, ndetse n'imvugo z'ikinyabupfura zihariye zikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Mu buryo bw'ubuhinduzi, guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) akenshi ntibitanga umusaruro mwiza iyo uhindura imvugo nk'izi. Urugero, umugani w'Ikinyarwanda ugira uti: "Urugo rw'umugabo ruravugwa, ntirurara nka rwo" ntushobora guhindurwa mu buryo bw'amagambo mu Kirusiya kuko nta Murusi wazigera awusobanukirwa. Aho kubikora bityo, umuhinduzi agomba gushaka umugani w'Ikirusiya ufite igisobanuro n'intego ihwanye n'iy'uwo mugani w'Ikinyarwanda (urugero nka "Мой дом — моя крепость" cyangwa izindi mvugo kajyanye n'icyubahiro cy'urugo cyangwa inzu).
Ibi bishatse kuvuga ko umuhinduzi mwiza agomba gukoresha uburyo bwo guhindura umuco (cultural transcreation) aho guhindura amagambo gusa. Ibi bisaba kumenya neza imico y'abarusi, uko babona isi, amateka yabo, ndetse n'ibintu bafata nka kirazira cyangwa ibyo bubaha. Umubano w'abantu, uburyo bakoresha baramukanya (ndetse n'itandukaniro ry'icyubahiro riri hagati ya "Вы" y'icyubahiro na "ты" y'inshuti), bigomba kubahirizwa mu buhinduzi bwerekeza mu Kirusiya.
Inama Z'ingirakamaro ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda mu Kirusiya
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zizewe kandi z'inzobere: Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo nini cyane y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikirusiya ihari mu buryo bworoshye, akenshi abahinduzi bakoresha icyongereza cyangwa igifaransa nk'indimi z'ikiraro. Icyakora, ugomba kugira amakenga kuko guhindura bwa kabiri (double translation) bishobora gutakaza umimerere w'inyandiko.
- Itondere inyubako y'interuro (Word Order): Mu Kirusiya, imiterere y'interuro irashobora guhinduka cyane bitewe n'icyo ushaka gushimangira (flexibility of word order), mu gihe mu Kinyarwanda imiterere y'interuro ikunze gukurikiza gahunda y'Izina-Inshinga-Ubwuzuzi (Subject-Verb-Object). Menya neza aho ushyira umutsi w'interuro mu Kirusiya.
- Witondere amagambo ahuriye ku mashusho ariko atandukanye mu bisobanuro (False Friends): Kubera ko indimi zombi zituruka mu miryango itandukanye rwose, nta magambo menshi ahuriye ku mivugirwe amwe afite igisobanuro kimwe. Icyakora, hari amagambo mpuzamahanga ashobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye mu Kinyarwanda no mu Kirusiya bitewe n'inyito (context).
- Kora isubiramo ry'inyandiko (Proofreading): Buri gihe iyo urangije guhindura, shaka umuntu uvuga Ikirusiya nka rurimi rwe rw'amavuko (native speaker) kugira ngo asome inyandiko yawe, arebe niba yanditse mu buryo bw'umwimerere kandi bwumvikana neza ku Murusi wese.
Umwanzuro w'Inzobere ku Buhinduzi
Guhindura Ikinyarwanda ubyerekeza mu Kirusiya ni urugendo rurerure rw'ubumenyi n'ubushakashatsi bukomeza. Kubera ko izi ndimi zombi zifite imiterere n'amateka bitandukanye cyane, umuhinduzi ntagomba gukora nka mashini ihindura amagambo gusa, ahubwo agomba kuba umuhuza w'imico n'indangagaciro z'ibihugu byombi. Ubumenyi bw'ikibonezamvugo cy'Ikirusiya, cyane cyane padeji n'aspects z'inshinga, hamwe n'ubumenyi bw'imigani n'imvugo z'Ikinyarwanda, ni byo nkingi za mwamba zizatuma ukora ubuhinduzi bw'indashyikirwa bwubahiriza inyandiko y'umwimerere kandi bukabasha gusomwa neza mu rurimi rw'Ikirusiya.