Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa ibiganiro kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Cyarikaneri (Afrikaans) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi ndetse n'umuco w'abazivuga. Icyarikaneri ni ururimi rukomoka ku Kidage (Dutch) rwatangiriye muri Afurika y'Epfo mu kinyejana cya 17, mu gihe Ikinyarwanda ari ururimi rw'Ikibantu rukoreshwa cyane mu karere k'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, cyane cyane mu Rwanda. Kubera ko izi ndimi zombi zikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye rwose—umwe w'indimi z'Ababantu (Bantu languages) n'undi w'indimi z'Abadage (Germanic languages)—zifite imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo n'imyandikire itandukanye cyane. Ibi bikaba bisaba umuhinduzi kwitonda kugira ngo ubutumwa buhindurwa butabura umwimerere, uburemere, n'uburyohe bwabwo.
Imiterere y'Indimi n'Inzitizi mu Kibonezamvugo
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora umurimo unoze, agomba kumenya neza aho izi ndimi zombi zihurira n'aho zitandukanira cyane. Inzitizi nini zikunze kugaragara mu gihe uhindura inyandiko zishingiye ku kuntu indimi zombi zubatswe mu rwego rw'ikibonezamvugo:
- Isano y'Uturemajambo (Agglutination vs. Analytic Structure): Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'amakombe (agglutinative language), aho ijambo rimwe rishobora kubamo uturemajambo twinshi twerekana inteko y'izina, igihe, uruhare rw'inyongera, inshinga nshyamirizi, n'ibindi. Urugero, ijambo nka "nzafuturika" cyangwa "ntibashoboraga" ririmo amakuru menshi cyane. Ku rundi ruhande, Icyarikaneri ni ururimi rutanganya uturemajambo (analytic language), aho amagambo ashyirwa mu nzego zayo arimo icyerekana igihe, uwo ubwabyo bidahinduye inyito y'inshinga nk'uko bigenda mu Kinyarwanda. Interuro ndende mu Kinyarwanda ishobora guhinduka amagambo menshi atandukanye mu Cyarikaneri.
- Ibyiciro by'Amazina n'Inteko: Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina agabanyije mu nteko zinyuranye (inteko ya 1 kugeza ku ya 20), kandi buri nteko igenga utwungirizo n'inshinga bifitanye isano. Icyarikaneri nta nteko z'amazina kigira cyangwa ibyiciro by'igitsina cy'amazina (gender), uretse ibinyazina bishobora kwerekana igitsina cy'abantu cyangwa inyamaswa. Ibi bishobora koroshya inyandiko y'Icyarikaneri, ariko bisaba umuhinduzi kwitonda kugira ngo atatakaza amakuru yihariye yerekanwa n'inteko z'amazina mu Kinyarwanda, cyane cyane iyo hakoreshwa inyongerazina zerekana isano.
- Ibihe n'Uburyo bw'Inshinga: Ikinyarwanda gifite ibihe byinshi cyane (igihe nka none, igihe cyahise gikomeza, igihe kizaza cya hafi n'icya kure, n'ibindi). Mu Cyarikaneri, ibihe by'inshinga byarorohejejwe cyane ku buryo budasanzwe. Urugero, nta buryo budasanzwe bwo guhagarika inshinga mu gihe cyahise (past tense) uretse gukoresha inshinga nkererezi "het" n'akajambo "ge-" gasubiza inshinga inyuma. Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba gusobanukirwa neza igihe n'intego y'umwanditsi w'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo abishyire mu Cyarikaneri mu buryo bwumvikana neza nta kwibeshya ku mateka cyangwa ibihe by'ibikorwa bivugwa.
Amategeko y'Ibanze n'Inama zo Gukora Umurimo Unoze
Kugira ngo uhindure umwandiko mu buryo bw'umwambararo kandi utanga umusaruro mwiza ku basomyi b'Icyarikaneri, dore bimwe mu byo ugomba kuzirikana kandi ugashyira mu bikorwa:
1. Kureshya imyubakire y'interuro (Avoid Literal Translation)
Kuhindura ijambo ku rindi ni umutego ukomeye mu buhinduzi bw'indimi zitandukanye cyane mu miryango yazo. Mu Cyarikaneri, gahunda y'amagambo mu nteruro ishobora guhinduka cyane bitewe n'aho inshinga n'ingereka biherereye, cyane cyane mu nteruro z'inshinga zikurikirana (subordinate clauses) aho inshinga ijya ku ndunduro y'interuro. Niba uhindura interuro nk'iyi: "Ntabwo nshobora kuza kubera ko ndwaye," mu Cyarikaneri bigomba kugenda gutya: "Ek kan nie kom nie omdat ek siek is" (aho inshinga "is" ijya ku ndunduro y'interuro). Ibi binyuranye cyane n'imiterere y'Ikinyarwanda aho inshinga ikomeza kubanziriza ingereka cyangwa ikaza hagati mu nteruro.
2. Kwitondera Imikoreshereze y'Ibinyazina n'Ubwubahane
Mu Kinyarwanda, dukoresha amagambo nka "mwebwe", "namwe" cyangwa gukoresha inteko y'ubwubahane (urugero: "Muraho" cyangwa "Mwaramutse"). Mu Cyarikaneri, hari uburyo bwo kwerekana ubwubahane bukoresha ikinyazina "u" (muri rusange kiba cyanditse mu nyuguti nkuru mu nyandiko z'ubuyobozi cyangwa mu biganiro by'akazi) mu gihe umuntu usanzwe cyangwa inshuti akoresha "jy" cyangwa "jou". Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza umubano uri hagati y'abandikirana cyangwa abo bavuga kugira ngo ahitemo uburyo bukwiye bwerekanwamo icyubahiro kidakabije cyangwa kidakeye.
3. Guhuza Ibisobanuro n'Umuco (Localization)
Umuco w'Abanyarwanda n'uw'Abasangwabutaka bavuga Icyarikaneri uratandukanye cyane. Mu Kinyarwanda hari imvugo z'ikinyabupfura cyangwa imigani idashobora guhindurwa mu Cyarikaneri uko yakabaye. Urugero, imvugo nka "guca akenge" cyangwa "kugabura ibiryo" zifite ibisobanuro byihariye by'umuco. Mu Cyarikaneri, umuhinduzi agomba gushaka imvugo ihwanye n'iyo mu muco wabo (urugero nka "om wakker te skrik" cyangwa "om verstandig te word" ku bijyanye no guca akenge) aho guhindura amagambo uko yakabaye bikazana urujijo n'amakimbirane mu bisobanuro.
Amagambo n'Interuro Bikunze Gukoreshwa n'Uburyo Bihindurwa
Kugira ngo dushyire mu ngiro ibyo twavuze, dore urugero rw'interuro z'Ikinyarwanda n'uburyo zihindurwa mu Cyarikaneri mu buryo bw'umwimerere kandi bujyanye n'ikibonezamvugo cyiza:
| Ikinyarwanda | Icyarikaneri (Afrikaans) | Icyo kwitonderwa mu buhinduzi |
|---|---|---|
| Nishimiye kukubona kandi ndakwifuriza amahirwe. | Dit is aangenaam om jou te ontmoet en ek wens jou alle sterkte toe. | Gukoresha "sterkte" nka kimwe mu bisobanuro by'amahirwe cyangwa gukomera. |
| Wakoze cyane umurimo mwiza wasohoje ejo. | Baie dankie vir die goeie werk wat jy gister voltooi het. | Inshinga "voltooi het" yerekana igihe cyahise kandi ijya ku ndunduro y'interuro y'umugereka. |
| Ejo nzagusura niba nta gihindutse mu gahunda yacu. | Ek sal jou môre besoek as niks in ons program verander nie. | Zirikana ikoreshwa ry'akajambo gahakana ka kabiri "nie" ku ndunduro y'interuro mu Cyarikaneri. |
| Uyu munsi harashyushye cyane kuruta ejo hashize. | Dit is vandag baie warmer as gister. | Gukoresha "warmer as" mu kigereranyo cy'ibihe by'ubushyuhe. |
Inama z'Inzobere zo Kunoza Inyandiko Yizewe
Niba ushaka ko umwandiko uhinduye umererwa neza kandi ugakundwa n'abasomyi b'Icyarikaneri, dore ibyemezo by'ingenzi n'inama z'inzobere ugomba gufata mu gihe cy'ubuhinduzi:
- Koresha Akajambo Gahakana Kabiri (Double Negation): Iki ni cyo kintu cyihariye cyane mu Cyarikaneri kinyuranye n'izindi ndimi z'Ikigerimani nka Kidage cyangwa Cyongereza. Buri gihe iyo uhakanye mu Cyarikaneri, ugomba gushyira "nie" nyuma y'inshinga ndetse n'indi "nie" ku ndunduro y'interuro. Urugero: "Ek weet nie" isobanura "Ntabwo mbizi", ariko mu nteruro ndende biba: "Ek weet nie wat om te sê nie" (Ntabwo mbizi icyo navuga). Iki ni ikosa rikunze gukorwa n'abahinduzi batamenyereye uru rurimi, bakibagirwa iriya "nie" ya kabiri.
- Kwitondera Amagambo Asa neza ariko Afite Ibisobanuro Bitandukanye (False Friends): Kubera ko Icyarikaneri gifite isano ya kure n'Icyongereza (zombi ni iz'Ikigerimani), hari amagambo ashobora gusa n'ay'Icyongereza ariko afite ibisobanuro bitandukanye cyane. Umuhinduzi ugomba guhindura inyandiko anyuze mu Cyongereza cyangwa mu zindi ndimi agomba kwitonda cyane kugira ngo adakoresha amagambo atari yo. Urugero, ijambo "eventuel" mu Cyarikaneri risobanura "ahari/gashoboka" aho kuba "imperuka" nk'uko rimeze mu Cyongereza ("eventually").
- Soma cyane ibyanditswe n'Abasangwabutaka: Kugira ngo umenye neza uburyohe bw'Icyarikaneri, soma ibitabo, ibinyamakuru, cyangwa inyandiko zanditswe n'abantu bavuga urwo rurimi nk'ururimi rwabo rwa mbere (native speakers). Ibi bigufasha kumenya aho imvugo zigezweho n'iz'umuco ziherereye, bityo umwandiko uhinduye nturangwe n'ururimi rw'akagabo cyangwa rw'abanyamahanga.
- Koresha ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga n'inyizamagambo zizewe: Ntiwishingikirize ku musemuzi wa Google cyangwa ubundi buryo bw'ubuhinduzi bwikora gusa. Koresha inyizamagambo zizewe nka "WAT" (Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal) cyangwa izindi mbuga zifasha mu buhinduzi bw'indimi nka Pharos Online n'izindi kugira ngo ubone amagambo ahuye neza n'ay'Ikinyarwanda.
- Genzura Inyandiko Udahubutse (Proofreading): Umaze guhindura umwandiko, uwusome ufite intego yo kuwunonosora no kuwugorora. Byaba byiza kurushaho uwo mwandiko usomwe n'undi muntu uzi neza Icyarikaneri nk'ururimi rwe rwa mbere kugira ngo akosore amakosa y'ikibonezamvugo, imyandikire itanoze, cyangwa imvugo zigoramye zaba zabayemo mu gihe cy'ubuhinduzi.
Guhindura ibikubiye mu mwandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Cyarikaneri bisaba gushyira hamwe ubumenyi bw'indimi zombi n'ubw'umuco w'aho zikoreshwa. Mu gukurikiza izi nama n'amategeko y'ibanze y'ikibonezamvugo, umuhinduzi azashobora gutanga inyandiko ifite ireme, yumvikana kandi ihabwa agaciro n'abasomyi mu buryo bukwiriye kandi bw'umwimerere.