Ulwakhiwo Lolwimi Nomahluko Ophezulu Phakathi KwisiXhosa NesiJamani
IsiXhosa kunye nesiJamani ziiwlimi ezimbini ezahluke ngokupheleleyo ngokwemvelaphi, ulwakhiwo, kunye negrama yazo. IsiXhosa silolwimi lweBantu olusebenzisa iiklasi zezibizo kunye nezimamva nezimaphambili ezidityaniswayo ukwakha intsingiselo enzulu. Kwelinye icala, isiJamani silolwimi lwe-Indo-European olusebenzisa iikheyisi (cases), izini ezintathu (masculine, feminine, neuter), kunye nokutshintshwa kwezenzi ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha nomntu. Xa uguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiJamani, okona kubalulekileyo kukuba uqonde ukuba isakhiwo semvakalelo kunye nentsingiselo yolwimi lokuqala ingafuna uhlengahlengiso olukhulu ukuze ivakale kakuhle kolu lwesibini.
IsiXhosa sineeklasi zezibizo ezili-15 okanye ngaphezulu, ezichaphazela isivumelwano sentshukumo kulo lonke isivakalisi. KwisiJamani, izibizo zineeklasi ezintathu zomahluko (der, die, das) ezichaphazelwa zezi ndlela zine zolwakhiwo lwezivakalisi (cases): i-Nominative (indalelo/umenzi), i-Accusative (injongo/umamkeli), i-Dative (isamkeli), kunye ne-Genitive (ubunini). Umguquleli kufuneka afumane indlela yokuguqula izivumelwano zesiXhosa zibe zezi ndlela zesiJamani ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yintsingiselo yoqobo okanye igrama egudileyo. Oku kudinga ukuba umguquleli abe nolwazi olunzulu lwemithetho yazo zombini ezi lwimi.
Ulandelelwano Lwamagama Nezenzi KwisiXhosa NesiJamani
IsiXhosa sibeka izivakalisi ngokulandelelana kwe-Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Kanti ke isiJamani siye sisebenzise ulandelelwano lwamagama olubizwa ngokuba yi-Verb-Second (V2) kwizivakalisi eziphambili, kodwa sithumele isenzi ekugqibeleni kwizivakalisi ezingaphantsi (subordinate clauses). Le nkqubo yenza ukuba umguquleli anyanzeleke ukuba afunde isivakalisi sesiXhosa sonke, asicakacake intsingiselo yaso, aze emva koko asakhe ngokutsha ngokwemithetho yelwimi yesiJamani.
Enye ingongoma ebalulekileyo ziikhompawundi zesiJamani (compound nouns). IsiJamani siyaziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwamagama amade kakhulu adityanisiweyo ukuchaza izinto ezingaqhelekanga. KwisiXhosa, ezi zinto zihlala zichazwa ngokusebenzisa iziphawulo, izimaphambili zobunini, okanye izivakalisi ezifutshane. Umguquleli kufuneka abenobuchule bokudibanisa amagama kwisiJamani ukwenzela ukuba uthelekiso lwakhe luhambelane nendlela abathetha ngayo abemi baseJamani bokwenene, ingengomsebenzi obonakala ngathi uguqulelwe ngoomatshini nje.
Inkcubeko Negama: Ukugcina Undoqo Womyalezo we-Transcreation
Ukuguqulela akuphelelanga nje ekutshintsheni amagama ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye; kumalunga nokuguqulela inkcubeko ngokwayo. IsiXhosa lolwimi olutyebileyo ngezaci, amaqhina, nezatshingolo ezisuka kwinkcubeko nezithethe zamaXhosa. Amagama afana nelithi "Ubuntu", "Ukuhlonipha", okanye imicimbi yamasiko nemithetho yemveli akanazo izinto ezilingana ngqo nazo kwisiJamani okanye kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu. Umguquleli wexabiso kufuneka asebenzise iqhinga lokuguqulela intsingiselo (transcreation) kunokusebenzisa inguqulelo yelizwi nezwi (literal translation) eya kuthi ilahlekise okanye ingavakali kwaphela kubafundi baseJamani.
Kwicala elinye, isiJamani sinemigangatho emithetho yentlonipho. Ngokomzekelo, ukwahlula phakathi kokusebenzisa u-"Du" (wena - engacwangciswanga) kunye no-"Sie" (wena - ecwangciswe ngokusesikweni). KwisiXhosa, indlela yokuhlonipha ibonakala ngokusetyenziswa kwezikhundla ezifana nelithi "Tata", "Mama", okanye "Bhuti", kunye nokuguqulwa kwezivumelwano zezenzi zibe kudidi lwentlonipho. Umguquleli kufuneka ahlolisise ukuba umyalezo oguqulwayo ujoliswe kubani ukuze akwazi ukusebenzisa indlela entle neyamkelekileyo kwisiJamani ekufaneleka loo meko.
Iingcebiso Nezixhobo Zokwenza Uguqulelo Olusebenzayo Noluchanekileyo
Ukwenza uguqulelo olukumgangatho ophezulu kudinga ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zoguqulelo zanamhlanje (CAT tools) kunye nezatshilelo ezithembekileyo. Nantsi imiba ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyiqwalasele ngexesha lomsebenzi wakho wezoguqulelo:
- Ukwakha iGlasi yeSigama (Glossary Development): Phambi kokuba uqale uguqulelo, qokelela amagama abalulekileyo kwisiXhosa uze ufumane amagama ahambelana nawo kwisiJamani. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isigama siyasetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo kulo lonke uxwebhu kwaye kuthintelwa ukubhideka.
- Ukusetyenziswa kweZichazi-magama zamazwe omabini: Nangona kungekho zichazi-magama zininzi ngqo zisuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiJamani, abaguquleli bahlala besebenzisa ulwimi lwesiNgesi njengebhulorho (pivot language). Kulo mba, isichazi-magama sesiXhosa ukuya kwesiNgesi, kunye nesiNgesi ukuya kwisiJamani zizixhobo eziyimfuneko ezingafunekiyo ukuba zipitshiswe.
- Uhlolo lweContext (Contextual Analysis): Ungaze uguqulele amagama ngawodwa. Soloko ujonge umxholo opheleleyo wesivakalisi nesiqendu ukwenzela ukuba intsingiselo ingalahleki ngenxa yokuba igama elinye lingaba neentsingiselo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwisihloko.
- Ukuhlelwa komsebenzi ngabemi bendalo (Proofreading by Native Speakers): Uguqulelo oluya kwisiJamani kufuneka luhlolwe ngumntu othetha isiJamani njengolwimi lwakhe lwabele, kwaye uqhelene nenkcubeko nendlela yokubhala yaseJamani ukuze alungise iimpazamo zokugqibela zengqondo negrama.
Ukuphucula I-SEO Kunye Noguqulelo Lwedijithali LwesiXhosa NesiJamani
Kwilizwe lanamhlanje ledijithali, uguqulelo ludlala indima enkulu ekufikeleleni kwabaphulaphuli bamazwe ngamazwe. Xa uguqulela umxholo wewebhu usuka kwisiXhosa uya kwisiJamani, i-SEO (Search Engine Optimization) kufuneka ibe yinxalenye yenkqubo ukusuka ekuqaleni. Kufuneka uphande amagama angundoqo (keywords) asetyenziswa ngabantu abathetha isiJamani xa bakhangela izinto ezihambelana nomxholo wakho kwaye uwasebenzise ngokuchanekileyo.
Faka la magama angundoqo kwiihloko (H1, H2), kwi-meta description, kunye nakwisicatshulwa ngokwendalo. Qaphela ukuba amagama angundoqo wesiXhosa akanakuguqulelwa ngqo kwisiJamani ngenxa yendlela abantu abakhangela ngayo eyahlukileyo. Uhlalutyo lwe-SEO luqinisekisa ukuba umxholo oguqulweyo awuchanekanga kuphela ngokwegrama, kodwa ubonakala lula nakwiinjini zokukhangela ezifana neGoogle okanye iBing, nto leyo eyonyusa itrafikhi yewebhusayithi yakho.
Iingxaki Ezinkulu Kuguqulelo Nendlela Yokuziphepha Ngobuchule
Olona gibe lukhulu kwabaguquleli basebenzisa inguqulelo yelwimi ezimbini ezingafaniyo kukulandela ulwakhiwo lwesivakalisi solwimi lokuqala (isiXhosa). KwisiJamani, oku kwenza ukuba umbhalo ubonakale ungonwabisi, unzima, kwaye ungacacanga kwaphela kubafundi baseJamani. Ukuze ukwazi ukuyiphepha le ngxaki, landela la manyathelo alandelayo:
Okokuqala, fundisisa isicatshulwa sesiXhosa de uyive intsingiselo yayo ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokukhawulezela ukubhala. Okwesibini, yibhale phantsi loo ngcinga usebenzisa ulwimi lwesJamani olugudileyo, ngaphandle kokujonga isigama sesiXhosa igama negama okanye ulandelelwano lwayo. Okokugqibela, thelekisa zombini izicatshulwa ukuze uqinisekise ukuba akukho nkcukacha ilahlekileyo kwaye ingcamango yoqobo igciniwe kwaye ihlonitshiwe.