ಕಿನ್ಯಾರವಾಂಡ ಅನ್ನು ಡ್ಯಾನಿಶ್ ಗೆ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿ - ಉಚಿತ ಆನ್‌ಲೈನ್ ಅನುವಾದಕ ಮತ್ತು ಸರಿಯಾದ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ | ಫ್ರಾಂಕೋ ಅನುವಾದ

Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujyana mu Gidanishi (Danish) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi ndetse n'umuco w'ibihugu zikoreshwamo. Ikinyarwanda, nk'ururimi rw'Ikibantu rukoreshwa muri Afurika y'Uburasirazuba, gifite imiterere n'imyandikire bitandukanye cyane n'igidanishi, ururimi rw'Ikigirizimana (North Germanic) rukoreshwa mu majyaruguru y'Uburayi. Muri iyi nkuru, turasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse inzira, imbogamizi zikunze kugaragara, ndetse n'inama z'ingirakamaro zafasha abahinduzi kugera ku buhinduzi bunoze kandi butunganye buhanitse.

Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikidanishi

Imiterere y'indimi zombi naryo ni ryo shingiro ryo guhindura neza. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'ingera (agglutinative language), aho amagambo aremwa binyuze mu guhuza uturemajambo tw'ingereko (prefixes, infixes, and suffixes) ku muzi w'ijambo (root). Imiterere y'izina mu Kinyarwanda ishingiye ku nteko z'amazina (noun classes), aho buri zina riba mu nteko runaka bigena imiterere y'inshinga, ibihereranyabizina, n'ibinyazina bifitanye isano na ryo. Ibi bitandukanye cyane n'Ikidanishi rukoresha uburyo bwo kugaragaza amazina binyuze mu bitsina bibiri (common gender - "fælleskøn" n'ubutabera/neuter gender - "intetkøn").

Mu Kidanishi, amazina ntagira inteko nk'iz'Ikibantu ahubwo agira ibitsina bishingiye ku nteruro n'ingereko (suffix definite articles) zomekwa ku mpera y'izina. Kuri uyu muco, umuhinduzi agomba gusobanukirwa neza uko icyemezo n'indangagitsina bihuzwa kugira ngo inyandiko isomeke neza mu Kidanishi. Urugero, niba ushaka guhindura ijambo rigaragara mu nteko ya mbere mu Kinyarwanda, ugomba kumenya niba mu Kidanishi icyo kintu kizaba gifite indangagitsina ya "en" cyangwa ya "et", kuko nta sano ruziguye iri hagati y'inteko z'amazina z'Ikibantu n'ibitsina by'amazina by'indimi z'Uburayi.

Imbogamizi z'Inshinga n'Ibihe mu Buhinduzi

Ibihe by'inshinga na byo ni urundi rukuta rukomeye. Ikinyarwanda kigira ibihe byinshi kandi bisobanutse neza, birimo ibihe bya hafi, ibihe bya kure, ndetse n'ibihe birimo gushira. Inshinga y'Ikinyarwanda ishobora kumekwaho ibice byerekana uburyo igikorwa gikorwa, icyagikoresheje, n'abacyeretswe. Mu Kidanishi, ibihe by'inshinga byorohejwe cyane kurusha mu Kinyarwanda. Bifite ibihe by'ingenzi bike nk'icy'ubu (nutid/present), icyahise (datid/past), n'icyakorewe (førnutid/present perfect), ariko ntibigira uburyo bwo komeka uturemajambo twinshi ku nshinga imwe ngo yerekane ibisobanuro byose rimwe.

Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba gusesengura inshinga y'Ikinyarwanda akamenya ubusobanuro bwose buyikubiyemo (nk'ugenza, ugenzwa, aho bikorerwa, n'igihe byabereye) hanyuma akabyandika mu buryo bw'interuro ifite amagambo menshi mu Kidanishi. Ibi bisaba ubuhanga bwo gusubiramo interuro (syntactic restructuring) kugira ngo ubutumwa budatakara ariko inyandiko ntiyuzuremo amagambo atari ngombwa.

Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo mu Kinyarwanda n'Ikidanishi

Umuco ni ryo shingiro ry'ururimi. Guhindura amagambo gusa utitaye ku muco bishobora gutuma inyandiko ihinduka umukene mu busobanuro cyangwa ikaba yateza urujijo. Ikinyarwanda gikungahaye ku migani, ibyivugo, ndetse n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo zishingiye ku buzima bwa buri munsi bw'Abanyarwanda, nk'ubworozi bw'inka, ubuhinzi, n'imibanire y'abantu. Amagambo nk' "inka", "gukama", "amata", cyangwa imvugo nka "amashyo n'amakene" afite ibisobanuro byimbitse birenze iby'inyuguti gusa.

Mu guhindura ibi biganiro mu Kidanishi, umuhinduzi ntabwo agomba guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation). Urugero, niba mu Kinyarwanda umuntu avuze ati "yaciye akenge", mu Kidanishi ntabwo wahindura ngo "he broke a small pot" (han slog en lille krukke i stykker) kuko ntacyo byaba bivuze ku Mudanishi. Ahubwo ugomba gushaka imvugo ihuye na yo mu Kidanishi nk'iyerekana ko umuntu yabaye umunyabwenge cyangwa yamenye ubwenge, nka "han blev klogere" cyangwa "han fik øjnene op". Ibi ni byo bita "transcreation" cyangwa guhindura hashingiwe ku muco n'imyumvire y'aho ururimi rukoreshwa.

Inama z'Ingirakamaro ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda mu Gidanishi

Kugira ngo ukore ubuhinduzi bunoze, butunganye kandi bwizewe, dore inama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:

• Soma kandi usesengure inyandiko yose: Mbere yo gutangira guhindura ijambo rya mbere, soma inyandiko yose kugira ngo usobanukirwe insanganyamatsiko, imyandikire (tone), ndetse n'intego y'umwanditsi w'umwimerere.
• Renga imbibi z'inyuguti: Wihindura ijambo ku rindi. Focus ku gitekerezo n'ubutumwa buri mu nteruro, hanyuma ubyandike mu buryo bwumvikana neza mu mategeko n'imyandikire y'Ikidanishi.
• Koresha inkoranyamagambo n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byizewe: N'ubwo ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, ubuhinduzi bw'imashini (Machine Translation) ku Kinyarwanda n'Ikidanishi ntiburacyagera ku rwego rwiza kuko nta makuru ahagije (data) ahari. Koresha inkoranyamagambo z'inzobere kandi ugishe inama abandi bahinduzi.
• Soma inyandiko wahinduye uyisubiramo (Proofreading): Umaze guhindura, banza ufate akaruhuko hanyuma usome inyandiko y'Ikidanishi uyigereranya n'iy'Ikinyarwanda. Biba byiza kurushaho iyo ushakiye umwenyegihugu w'Umudanishi (native speaker) uzi n'Ikinyarwanda akayisoma kugira ngo yemeze ko isomeka neza kandi nta makosa y'imyandikire arimo.

Umwanzuro ku Buhinduzi bwa Kinyarwanda-Danish

Guhindura ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ubijyana mu Kidanishi ni ikiraro gihuza imiryango n'imico ibiri itandukanye cyane. Nubwo bifite imbogamizi nyinshi zishingiye ku miterere y'indimi, umuhinduzi ukurikiza amategeko y'ururimi, witonda mu gushaka ibisobanuro by'imvugo z'ikigereranyo, kandi ukoresha uburyo bugezweho bwo gusuzuma inyandiko, ashobora gutanga umusaruro mwiza cyane. Ubuhinduzi bwiza ntibuhindura amagambo gusa, ahubwo buhindura n'ubutumwa bugatuma abasomyi bumva ko inyandiko yandikiwe bo kuva ku ntangiriro.