Umuco n'ururimi ni ibintu bibiri bidashobora gutandukana mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose. Iyo bigeze ku guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Kizulu (isiZulu), uyu murimo uba urenze guhuza amagambo gusa; uba ari umuyoboro uhuza imiryango ibiri y'Abantu ifite amateka n'umuco bikungahaye. Nubwo indimi zombi zikomoka mu muryango mugari w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages) kandi zikaba zisangiye imiterere myinshi mu kibonezamvugo, guhindura neza bisaba kumva neza aho zitandukaniye n'aho zihurira kugira ngo umwandiko uhinduwe umerere nk'uwanditswe n'umwenyegihugu w'umuzulu uvuga ururimi rwe rw'amavuko.
Isano ry'Ikibonezamvugo n'Ibyiciro by'Amazina mu Ndimi z'Abantu
Kimwe mu bintu byorohereza abahinduzi batangira uyu murimo ni uko Ikinyarwanda n'Ikizulu byombi bikoresha sisitemu y'ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes). Amazina yose yubakwa hagendewe ku gice cy'imbere cy'izina (prefix) kigena amasezerano y'intego (concord) mu nshinga, ibinyazina, n'ibinyamasano. Icyakora, uburyo ibi byiciro byandikwa kandi bikoreshwa mu nshinga biratandukanye mu buryo bw'amajwi n'imyandikire ihariye.
Mu Kinyarwanda, ibyiciro by'amazina bifite uturemajambo tw'imbere nka umu-, aba-, iki-, ibi-, n'ibindi. Mu Kizulu na bwo ni ko bimeze, ariko bo baherekeza izi ntego n'inyajwi ibanziriza izina (pre-prefix cyangwa initial vowel). Urugero rugaragara neza:
- Umuntu (Ikinyarwanda) uhuye neza na Umuntu (Ikizulu).
- Abantu (Ikinyarwanda) uhuye na Abantu (Ikizulu).
- Inka (Ikinyarwanda) ihuye na Inkomo (Ikizulu), aho intego zombi zumvikana mu rwego rw'amasezerano ariko amagambo ubwayo akaba atandukanye.
- Igitabo (Ikinyarwanda) cyo mu cyiciro cya 7 (iki-) cyahinduka Incwadi (Ikizulu) bitewe n'imiterere y'ijambo n'icyiciro cyaryo.
Umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda cyane kuko amasezerano y'inshinga n'amazina (subject-verb agreement) mu Kizulu yubahiriza amategeko akomeye y'amajwi (phonology). Niba uhinduye ijambo ugakoresha icyiciro cy'amazina kitari cyo, umwandiko wose uhita utakaza uburyohe n'uburyo bwo kumvikana kandi ukaba uriye icyaha cy'ikibonezamvugo.
Inshinga n'Imigereka Yazo mu Kinyarwanda n'Ikizulu
Mu miterere y'indimi z'Abantu, inshinga zishobora kwongerwaho ubusobanuro binyuze mu migereka (verb extensions) yometse ku mpera y'inshinga y'umwimerere. Ibi biranga indimi zombi, ariko uturemajambo dukoreshwa mu guhindura iyo nshinga buri gihe tugomba guhuza n'amategeko y'ururimi rugana.
Urugero, niba dushaka kwerekana gushora/gukoresha (causative form):
- Mu Kinyarwanda, dukoresha imigereka nka -isha cyangwa -esha (urugero: gukora -> gukoresha).
- Mu Kizulu, bakoresha umugereka -isa (urugero: ukwenza [gukora] -> ukwenyisa [gukoresha cyangwa gufasha gukora]).
Niba dushaka kwerekana gukorera umuntu cyangwa ahantu (applicative form):
- Mu Kinyarwanda, dukoresha imigereka nka -ira cyangwa -era (urugero: kwandika -> kwandikira).
- Mu Kizulu, bakoresha umugereka -ela (urugero: ukubhala [kwandika] -> ukubhalela [kwandikira]).
Umuhinduzi asabwa ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'iyi miterere y'indimi kugira ngo adakoresha imvugo ishingiye ku gusanisha ijambo ku rindi (literal translation), kuko ibi byangiza imiterere y'inshinga mu Kizulu kandi bigatuma interuro zumvikana nabi.
Imbogamizi zo Guhuza Imuco: Transcreation n'Imigani
Inyandiko nyinshi z'Ikinyarwanda ziba zikungahaye ku mvugo z'ikinyabupfura, imigani, n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo zishingiye ku mateka y'u Rwanda. Urugero, amagambo akoreshwa mu rwego rwo kubaha, gusuhuza, cyangwa kuvuga ku bworozi bw'inka (nk'inyambo, imyambaro yo mu muco, ibirori by'umuganura) afite ibisobanuro byihariye mu muryango nyarwanda.
Ku rundi ruhande, umuco w'Abazulu na wo wubakiye cyane ku kunyobwa kw'amata, gusubiza abayobozi n'abazee mu buryo bw'icyubahiro (Hlonipha system), n'imihango nka Umhlanga (imihango y'urutsingo). Iyo uhindura umwandiko ufite inyito nk'izi z'umuco, ntushobora gukoresha inkoranyamagambo gusa. Uburyo bwiza ni ugukoresha tekiniki ya Transcreation, aho ugumana igisobanuro cy'ibanze cy'umwandiko ariko ukagihindura mu Kizulu hagendewe ku buryo bw'imvugo n'umuco uhuye neza n'uburyo Abazulu batakaza ibyo bintu mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.
Imigani na yo isaba kwitonda cyane. Urugero, umugani w'Ikinyarwanda uvuga uti: "Uhagaraye neza ntarora urwo se azahembwa", ugomba gushakirwa umugani mu Kizulu ufite igisobanuro kimwe cyo kwigira no gukora cyane aho guhindura rimwe ku rindi ayo magambo kuko bitumvikana mu rurimi rugana.
Inama z'Inzobere mu Kazi ko Guhindura Ikinyarwanda mu Kizulu
Niba ushaka ko inyandiko zawe ziba iz'ireme kandi zikundwa n'abasomyi b'Abazulu, kurikiza izi nama z'inzobere mu buhinduzi:
- Kwiga no Gusesengura Inyandikire y'Ikizulu: Ikizulu gikoresha amajwi y'ibitsure (clicks) yandikwa hakoreshejwe inyandiko za c, q, na x. Aya majwi n'imyandikire yayo bifite amategeko aremereye y'ikibonezamvugo. Ugomba gusoma inyandiko nyinshi z'Ikizulu kugira ngo wumve neza aho aya majwi akoreshwa n'uburyo ashingirwaho mu kubaka amazina.
- Kwirinda Kwishingikiriza ku Bikoresho byo guhindura bya Mashini (Machine Translation): Google Translate cyangwa izindi mashini ziracyagira imbogamizi zikomeye mu guhindura indimi z'Abantu kubera ko zitabasha kumva isano n'imvugo z'umuco. Koresha ibyo bikoresho nk'intangiriro gusa, ariko isuzuma rya nyuma rikorwe n'umuhinduzi w'umuntu (human reviewer) uzi neza indimi zombi.
- Gukoresha inkoranyamagambo z'ikoranabuhanga zizewe: Koresha inkoranyamagambo zikomeye nk'iz'ikigo cy'indimi nka Oxford Zulu Dictionary cyangwa inkoranyamagambo zo kuri internet zizewe, hanyuma ugende ugereranya ibisobanuro by'amagambo kugira ngo wirinde amagambo asa ariko afite ibisobanuro bitandukanye (false friends).
- Kora Isubiramo ry'Inshinga n'Amasezerano (Concord Review): Mbere yo gushyikiriza umwandiko uwo ari we wese, kora isubiramo rigamije kureba niba inyagushaka zose n'intego z'inshinga zihuye neza n'icyiciro cy'amazina yakoreshejwe.
Isimburana ry'Amagambo n'Interuro
Uburyo Ikinyarwanda cyubaka interuro bukurikiza gahunda y'Ikiringo-Nshinga-Nterwa (Subject-Verb-Object - SVO). Ikizulu na cyo gikurikiza iyi gahunda, icyakora ikizulu gishobora kugira imiterere yoroshye cyane mu buryo bwo guhuza interuro zikurikirana hakoreshezwe ibinyazina (pronouns) n'ibihererezo by'inshinga. Aho Ikinyarwanda cyakoresha interuro ndende zifite ibice byinshi, mu Kizulu birashoboka cyane gukoresha interuro ngufi kandi zumvikana neza.
Kurangiza neza ubu buhinduzi bisaba kandi kwitonda ku ncamare (punctuation) n'imyandikire y'amagambo yometse (conjunctive writing) yo mu Kizulu. Mu Kizulu, amagambo atandukanye yomerwa hamwe akaba ijambo rimwe rirerire, mu gihe mu Kinyarwanda amagambo menshi yandikwa atandukanye (disjunctive writing). Urugero: "Ndimo ndaza" mu Kizulu biba "Ngiyeza" (ijambo rimwe ryometse).
Mu gusoza, guhindura Ikinyarwanda mu Kizulu ni urugendo rusaba kwiga uhoraho n'ubumenyi bw'amateka n'umuco w'Abazulu. Umuhinduzi ushaka gutsinda uyu murimo agomba guhora yisuzuma, agasoma cyane, kandi agashaka inama ku bantu bavuga indimi zombi nk'indimi zabo z'amavuko. Binyuze mu gukurikiza izi nama n'amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo, inyandiko zawe zizagira ireme n'ubunyamwuga buhanitse kandi zizagereranya ubutumwa neza mu buryo bw'umuco n'ikoranabuhanga.