Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa amagambo kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gihisipanyoli (Español) ni inzira isaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi, kuko zikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi za Bantu (Bantu languages) zikoresha uburyo bw'uduce (agglutinative language), mu gihe Igihisipanyoli ari ururimi rwa Gikirisitu rushamikiye ku Kilatini (Romance language) rukoresha ishinga n'inyajwi zihinduka (inflectional language). Ibi bituma uburyo bwo guhindura buhinduka ihurizo rikomeye risaba kwitonda cyane kugira ngo ubutumwa bwoherejwe burinde ireme n'umwimerere wabwo. Iyi nyandiko ikubiyemo amategeko y'ibanze, inama z'ingirakamaro, ndetse n'udushya twafasha umuhinduzi wese kugera ku ntsinzi ishimishije.
Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Indimi (Syntactic and Structural Differences)
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora akazi keza, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa neza uko indimi zombi zubatse. Itandukaniro riri hagati y'ikoreshwa ry'izina, inshinga, ndetse n'ibinyazina rihagarika uburyo bwo guhindura imvugo ku buryo bworoshye. Imiterere y'interuro mu Kinyarwanda ikurikira gahunda y'Ingenzi-Inshinga-Ubwuzuzi (Subject-Verb-Object cyangwa SVO), ariko kubera ko inshinga ubwayo iba yikoreye ibice byinshi by'interuro, usanga biba ngombwa gusesengura cyane.
1. Ibyiciro by'Amazina (Noun Classes vs. Grammatical Gender)
Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina abarizwa mu byiciro bitandukanye (noun classes) bishingiye ku nshinga zayo n'uduce tubanziriza izina (prefixes like umu-, aba-, iki-, ibi-). Ibi byiciro bifite uruhare rukomeye mu buryo interuro yose yiyubaka ndetse n'uburyo ibinyazina n'inshinga bihuzwa (agreement). Ibi byiciro ntibigengwa n'igitsina cy'ikintu, ahubwo bigengwa n'imiterere yacyo (nk'abantu, ibintu bifite ubuzima, cyangwa ibikoresho).
Ku rundi ruhande, Igihisipanyoli gikoresha uburyo bw'igitsina cy'izina (grammatical gender) aho amazina yose ashobora kuba ay'igabo (masculino) cyangwa ay'igore (femenino). Ibi bivuze ko igihe uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gihisipanyoli, ugomba kumenya neza igitsina cy'iryo zina mu Gihisipanyoli kugira ngo uhuze neza n'ibihe, inyanzigo (adjectives), ndetse n'inyajwi zibanziriza amazina (articles nka "el", "la", "los", "las"). Ibi bituma uburyo bwo guhuza amagambo mu nteruro yo mu Gihisipanyoli buba bwiza kandi bukurikira amategeko agenga ikibonezamvugo y'icyo gihugu.
2. Ibihe n'Itandukanya ry'Inshinga (Verb Conjugation and Tenses)
Inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda zikurura amakuru menshi icyarimwe: uduce tw'integeko (subject prefix), akace k'igihe (tense marker), ndetse n'utundi duce twerekana uburyo igikorwa gikorwamo. Ibi bituma ijambo rimwe ry'inshinga mu Kinyarwanda rishobora guhinduka interuro yose mu Gihisipanyoli. Urugero, ijambo nka "nkamushakira" rishobora guhinduka "y se lo busco" cyangwa "para buscarle" mu Gihisipanyoli, bikaba bisaba kumenya neza aho buri kace kahurira n'ikinyazina gikwiye.
Mu Gihisipanyoli, inshinga zifite uburyo bwinshi bwo guhindurwa (conjugation) bitewe n'igihe gikorwamo (past, present, future) ndetse n'uburyo bw'igikorwa (indicativo, subjuntivo, imperativo). Subjuntivo yo mu Gihisipanyoli, ikoreshwa mu kugaragaza ibyifuzo, gushidikanya, cyangwa ibintu bishobora kuba, ishobora kugorana cyane kuyishakira igisobanuro mu Kinyarwanda cyangwa kuyikura mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gihisipanyoli, kuko akenshi bisaba gukoresha uburyo bw'utugambo twunganira inshinga nka "ngo", "kugira ngo", cyangwa guhindura imiterere y'interuro yose kugira ngo ubutumwa bugumane umwimerere wabwo.
Inyito n'Umuco mu Guhindura (Cultural Context and Idioms)
Umuco ni inkingi ikomeye y'ururimi rwose. Guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) akenshi bishobora gutuma ubutumwa butakaza icyo bwashakaga kuvuga cyangwa bikayobya uwo ububwira. Ibi ni ibintu by'ingenzi cyane iyo uhindura hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igihisipanyoli kuko umuco w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba utandukanye cyane n'uw'i Burayi cyangwa Amerika y'Epfo aho Igihisipanyoli gikoreshwa. Umuryango w'Abahisipanyoli ugira imico n'imyizerere yabo igomba kubahirizwa mu nyandiko zabo zose.
- Imvugo z'Ikinyabupfura n'Icyubahiro: Mu Kinyarwanda, gukoresha "namwe" cyangwa kubaha umuntu ukolesheje inshinga mu bwinshi ni ingenzi cyane. Mu Gihisipanyoli, ubu buryo buhuzwa no gukoresha ikinyazina "Usted" (mu bwinshi "Ustedes") aho kuba "tú" ikoreshwa ku nshuti cyangwa umuntu mureshya. Guhitamo hagati ya "tú" na "Usted" bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo inshinga zihindurwa mu buryo bw'icyubahiro.
- Imigani n'Imvugo z'Umutimanama: Imigani y'Ikinyarwanda nka "Utaranama ntiyona" cyangwa "Abari bose ntibaba bamwe" ntishobora guhindurwa ijambo ku rindi mu Gihisipanyoli. Umuhinduzi mwiza agomba gushaka umugani cyangwa imvugo yo mu Gihisipanyoli ifite icyo isobanura gisa n'icyo (transcreation), kuko guhindura nka "Los que están juntos no son iguales" bitatanga igisobanuro nyacyo cyo mu muco.
- Ibikoresho n'Umuco gakondo: Amagambo nka "Inyambo", "Ishema", cyangwa "Agaseke" nta mazina afite mu Gihisipanyoli. Aho guhindura ngo ubure igisobanuro, ni byiza gukoresha ijambo ry'umwimerere hanyuma ugasobanura mu nteruro ngufi icyo aricyo, cyangwa ugakoresha ijambo ryenda gusa na ryo mu muco w'Abahisipanyoli kugira ngo umusomyi asobanukirwa neza umwimerere w'inyandiko.
Inama z'Ingirakamaro ku Bahinduzi (Practical Tips for Translators)
Kugira ngo umushinga wose wo guhindura ugende neza kandi utange inyandiko ifite ireme, kurikiza izi nama zikurikira zizewe kandi zikoreshwa n'abahanga mu guhindura:
- Soma inyandiko yose mbere yo guhindura: Ntugatangire guhindura interuro ku yindi utarasobanukirwa n'insanganyamatsiko yose y'inyandiko (context). Ibi bigufasha guhitamo amagambo akwiye n'ikoreshwa ry'ibihe by'inshinga bitayobya umusomyi, bikakurinda gukora amakosa y'indimi zombi.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zizewe: Ntukishingikirize gusa kuri Google Translate cyangwa izindi mashine zo guhindura (Machine Translation), kuko zikunze kwibeshya cyane ku rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda kubera ibura ry'amakuru ahagije kuri murandasi. Koresha inkoranyamagambo z'Ikinyarwanda n'Igihisipanyoli cyangwa iz'indimi zombi zihurira ku Cyongereza cyangwa Igifaransa nka gahunda y'uburyo bubiri (indirect translation).
- Itondere myandikire y'ibihe (Tenses accuracy): Mu Kinyarwanda habamo ibihe by'amateka ya kure (distant past) n'ibihe bya hafi (recent past). Mu Gihisipanyoli, ugomba guhitamo neza hagati ya "Pretérito Indefinido" (gikoreshwa ku bikorwa byarangiye mu gihe runaka) na "Pretérito Imperfecto" (gikoreshwa ku bikorwa byafataga igihe cyangwa ibikorwa byasubirwagamo).
- Kora isuzuma ry'inyandiko ya nyuma (Proofreading): Buri gihe, nyuma yo guhindura, kora isuzuma ufatanyije n'umuntu uvuga Igihisipanyoli nk'ururimi rwe rwamavuko (native speaker) kugira ngo umenye neza ko inyandiko yumvikana neza kandi ko nta makosa y'ikinyagihugu cyangwa y'umuco arimo yatuma inyandiko idasomeka neza.
Uruhare rw'Ikoranabuhanga n'Iterambere mu Guhindura
Muri iki gihe cy'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga n'ubwenge bw'ubukorano (Artificial Intelligence), ikoranabuhanga ririmo gufasha abahinduzi koroshya akazi kabo no kongera umuvuduko. Nubwo Ikinyarwanda kikiri ururimi rufite amakuru make ku mbuga nkoranyambaga n'ikoranabuhanga (low-resource language), gukoresha ibikoresho bya CAT (Computer-Assisted Translation) nka SDL Trados, MemoQ cyangwa Smartcat bishobora gufasha kubika amagambo yagiye ahindurwa (translation memories) ndetse no guhuza imyandikire y'amagambo akomeye ya tekiniki.
Ibi bituma umuhinduzi abasha gukora vuba kandi neza, ariko akagumana uruhare runini rwo kugenzura ibyakozwe (post-editing) kugira ngo umuco n'isano y'indimi zombi byubahwe. Gutsinda muri iyi nzira yo guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gihisipanyoli biterwa n'ubushobozi bwo guhuza ubumenyi bw'umuco gakondo n'ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'iki gihe.