Kwilizwe lanamhlanje elixhaphakileyo kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano lwehlabathi, ukuguqulelwa kweelwimi kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudibaniseni iindawo ezahlukeneyo, iinkcubeko, kunye nabantu. Olunye lohambo lweelwimi olubangelwa ngumdla noluntsokothileyo kukuguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa, olulunye lweelwimi zasekhaya ezisemthethweni eMzantsi Afrika, ukuya kwisi-Arabhu, ulwimi oluthethwa zizigidi zabantu eMntla weAfrika nakumaZwe aseMpuma eMbindini. Lo mbhalo uza kujonga nzulu kwinkqubo yokuguqulela phakathi kwezi lwimi zombini, uhlalutye imingeni ekhoyo, kwaye unikeze ngeengcebiso ezibalulekileyo kubaguquleli abafuna ukuvelisa imisebenzi esemgangathweni nechanekileyo.
Ukuqonda Imvelaphi Neentshabalala Zeelwimi Zozibini
IsiXhosa lulwimi lwesiBantu olwaziwayo ngesandi saso esikhethekileyo seepononisi (click sounds). Lulwimi olwakhiwe kakhulu ngeeklasi zezibizo (noun classes), apho isivumelanisi sentloko silawula isenzi, isiphathi, kunye nezinye iinxalenye zesivesi. Ngakolunye icala, isi-Arabhu lulwimi lwesemithiki (Semitic language) olusebenzisa inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-triconsonantal root system. Oku kuthetha ukuba amagama amaninzi akhiwa ngokuthatha oonobumba abathathu abasisiseko baze bafakelwe izikhamiso ezahlukeneyo ukunika iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo zokwakheka kwamagama. Le yantlukwano ibalulekileyo kwiziseko zeelwimi idala umngeni omkhulu ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yoguqulelo.
Iyantlukwano Yohlelo Nolwakhiwo Lwezivesi
Enye yezinto ezinkulu ekufuneka umguquleli ajongane nazo luhlelo kunye nolwakhiwo lwezivesi. KwisiXhosa, isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo sesivesi silandela indlela ye-Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Umzekelo: "Umfundi ufunda incwadi." Kwesi sivesi, "umfundi" yintloko (subject), "ufunda" sisenzi (verb), kwaye "incwadi" yinto (object). Kwisi-Arabhu, nangona isakhiwo se-SVO sisetyenziswa ngamanye amaxesha, isakhiwo esisemthethweni nesinconywayo sazo zonke izivesi zezenzi silandela indlela ye-Verb-Subject-Object (VSO). Umzekelo we-VSO kwisi-Arabhu ngulo: "Yaqra'u al-talibu al-kitaba" (Ufunda umfundi incwadi).
Ukongeza koku, isi-Arabhu sinenkqubo entsokothileyo yesini (grammatical gender) apho zonke izibizo zikhetha ukuba yindoda okanye ngowasetyhini. Le nkqubo yahlukile kuleyo yesiXhosa esisebenzisa iiklas zezibizo ezilishumi elinesibhozo (18 noun classes) ezisekwe kwiimpawu zezinto (ezifana nabantu, izilwanyana, izinto ezingaphiliyo, kunye neengcinga). Lo mahluko ufuna ukuba umguquleli abe nolwazi olunzulu ngendlela izivumelanisi ezisebenza ngayo kuzo zombini ezi lwimi ukunqanda iimpazamo zohlelo ezinokubhacisa umfundi okanye zitshintshe intsingiselo yentsusa.
Imingeni Yenkcubeko Kunye Nolwazi Lomongo
Ukuguqulela aksekelwanga kuphela ekutshintsheni amagama ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye; kumalunga nokutshintsha inkcubeko nomongo. IsiXhosa sityebile kakhulu ngezaci kunye namaqhalo asekwe kwindlela yokuphila yamaXhosa, amasiko, kunye nentlalontle yobu-Afrika. Umzekelo, ibinzana elithi "Ubuntu" linentsingiselo enzulu engaphaya nje kwegama elithi "humanity" okanye "kindness". Kwisi-Arabhu, igama elifana neli kufuneka liguqulelwe ngendlela ebonisa imilinganiselo efanayo yentlalo yesi-Arabhu okanye licaciswe ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa ibinzana elifanelekileyo (ezifana nelithi "Al-Insaniyyah" okanye "Karam al-Akhlaq").
Kwangaxeshanye, inkcubeko yama-Arabhu inxulunyaniswa kakhulu nonqulo lwe-Islam kunye nebali lempucuko yaseMpuma eMbindini. Amagama amaninzi anembali okanye unxulumano olunzulu lwezenkolo olungenako ukufunyanwa lula kwisichazi-magama sesiXhosa esiqhelekileyo. Umguquleli kufuneka akwazi ukuthatha ezi ngcinga aze azakhele indlela yokuba abafundi besiXhosa baziqonde, okanye abafundi besi-Arabhu bazive zisondele kakhulu kubo.
Inkqubo Enyathelo Ngenyathelo Yokuguqulela Ngokufanelekileyo
Ukuze uqinisekise ukuba uguqulelo lwakho lusemgangathweni ophezulu kwaye lufikelela kubafundi ngendlela efanelekileyo, landela le nkqubo ilandelayo:
- Uhlalutyo Lomongo Wokuqala (Source Text Analysis): Funda umbhalo wokuqala uqonde intsingiselo yawo, ithoni (tone), rejista (register), kunye nokuphulaphula kwakhe. Ngaba lo mbhalo ubalelwe abantwana, abantu abafundileyo, okanye loluntu jikelele?
- Uphando Ngesigama (Terminology Research): Chonga amagama antsokothileyo okanye iikhonsepti ezinzulu yenkcubeko kwaye ukhangele indlela ezimelwe ngayo kolunye ulwimi.
- Uguqulelo Lwendlela Yokuqala (Drafting): Qala ngokubhala uguqulelo lokuqala ukhathalele kakhulu ukuhambelana kwentsingiselo kunokulandela igama negama.
- Ukuhlaziya Kunye Nokuhlela (Revision and Editing): Thelekisa umbhalo oguqulelweyo nombhalo wokuqala ukuze uqinisekise ukuba akukho nkcukacha ilahlekileyo kwaye uhlelo lulungile ngokupheleleyo.
- Ukufundwa Ngokwesibini (Proofreading): Nika umntu othetha isi-Arabhu (okanye isiXhosa) njengolwimi lokuzalwa ukuba afunde umbhalo oguqulelweyo ngaphandle kokujonga owokuqala, ukuze aqinisekise ukuba uvakala ngokwesiqhelo nangokwendalo.
Iingcebiso Ezigqwesileyo Kubaguquleli BesiXhosa Kuye Kwisi-Arabhu
Nantsi eminye imithetho kunye neengcebiso ezinokukunceda uphuhlise iziphumo ezisemagqabini:
- Kuphephe Uguqulelo Lwegama Negama (Literal Translation): Uguqulelo lwegama negama ngomnye weemveliso ezimbi kakhulu yoguqulelo. Soloko ujonge intsingiselo epheleleyo yesivesi okanye umhlathi phambi kokuguqulela.
- Qonda Iirejista Zeelwimi (Language Registers): Isi-Arabhu sineentlobo ezimbini ezinkulu: isi-Arabhu esisemthethweni (Modern Standard Arabic - MSA) esisetyenziswa kumajelo eendaba nakwiincwadi, kunye neelwimi zabemi basekhaya (dialects) ezahlukeneyo ngokwamazwe. Soloko usebenzisa i-MSA njengesikhokelo esingundoqo ngaphandle kokuba umxhasi ucela enye indlela.
- Qwalasela Iziphumlisi Kunye Nemikhombandlela (Punctuation and Directionality): IsiXhosa sibhalwa ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene (LTR), ngelixa isi-Arabhu sibhalwa ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo (RTL). Oku kufuna ukuba uqaphele kakhulu ukufomatha kombhalo, ingakumbi xa kuxutywa amagama avela kwiilwimi zozibini kumhlathi omnye.
- Thuthukisa Izakhono Zenkcubeko (Cultural Competence): Funda uncwadi, iimveliso zama-Arabhu, kwaye ulandele imbali yabo ukuze ube nokuqonda okunzulu ngemicimbi yabo yemihla ngemihla neenqobo zabo zokuziphatha.
Ukuqukumbela: Ixabiso Leenguqulelo Ezisemgangathweni
Ukuguqulela phakathi kwesiXhosa nesi-Arabhu lithuba elihle kakhulu lokuvula iingango ezintsha zorhwebo, ezemfundo, kunye nezenkcubeko phakathi kweMzantsi Afrika nehlabathi lama-Arabhu. Nangona indlela leyo inokuba yinde kwaye inemingeni emininzi ngenxa yezohluko zolwakhiwo lweelwimi, ukuzimisela, uphando olunzulu, kunye nokuthobela imigaqo echanekileyo yoguqulelo kuqinisekisa ukuba isiphumo siba yincwadi, umbhalo, okanye iwebhusayithi enika umdla nefikeleleka lula kubo bonke abafundi abafanelekileyo.