Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa imvugo kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Kibengali (ururimi rukoreshwa muri Bangladesh n'Ubuhinde) ni umushinga ukomeye usaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'imiterere y'izi ndimi zombi. Izi ndimi zikomoka mu miryango itandukanye rwose: Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'izibonekamo uturemajambo twinshi twomekwa ku nshinga (Bantu), mu gihe Ikibengali ari ururimi rwo mu muryango w'iz'Indo-Aryan rukoresha cyane imiterere y'interuro ya Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) n'inyongerazina zomekwa inyuma y'amazina (postpositions). Kuri uyu muhora, abahinduzi bahura n'inzitizi zinyuranye z'ikibonezamvugo, umuco, hamwe n'inyito zihariye zisaba ubwitonzi n'ubuhanga buhanitse kugira ngo ubutumwa buhindurwe neza hatabayeho gutakaza igisobanuro fatizo cyangwa umwimerere w'inyandiko y'umwimerere.
Imiterere y'Interuro n'Isano Ryazo: SVO (Kinyarwanda) na SOV (Kibengali)
Imwe mu nzitizi za mbere umuhinduzi ahura nazo ni uguhindura imiterere y'interuro. Mu Kinyarwanda, interuro yubakwa hakoreshejwe gahunda ya Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), aho intego n'icyuzuzo biza nyuma y'inshinga. Urugero: "Umuhinzi ahinga umurima". Nyamara, mu Kibengali, imiterere y'interuro ishingiye kuri Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), aho inshinga iza mu musozo w'interuro. Urugero rwa ruriya nteruro mu Kibengali rwaba rumeze rutya: "Umuhinzi umurima ahinga". Ibi bisaba ko umuhinduzi asangira imitekerereze y'indimi zombi, akirinda guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation), kuko byateza urujijo n'amakosa mu Kibengali. Guhindura interuro ndende zifite ibika byinshi by'inyongera bisaba gusesengura neza inshinga nkuru n'isano ifitanye n'icyuzuzo cyayo mbere yo kubyubaka mu Kibengali.
Inteko z'Amazina (Noun Classes) n'Ikoreshwa ry'Inyongerazina
Ikinyarwanda kirangwa n'inteko z'amazina (noun classes) zirenga cumi na zirindwi, aho buri zina rigomba kugira akajambo k'imbere (prefix) n'amajwi ahura n'inshinga cyangwa ibihembo byaryo. Ibi bitandukanye cyane n'Ikibengali, kuko cyo kitagira inteko z'amazina zishingiye ku bintu cyangwa ibinyabuzima nk'uko biri mu Kinyarwanda. Mu Kibengali, amazina ntagabanywamo inteko z'ikibonezamvugo, ariko bafite uburyo buhambaye bwo gukoresha "classifiers" (nk'akarango "ta", "ti", cyangwa "jon") kugira ngo bagaragaze ingano cyangwa ishusho y'ikintu. Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya uko ahindura ijambo rifite inteko runaka mu Kinyarwanda akariha ibisobanuro bikwiye akoresheje utwo turango tw'Ikibengali. Byongeye kandi, mu gihe Ikinyarwanda gikoresha amagambo yerekana ahantu cyangwa icyerekezo (prepositions) aza mbere y'izina, Ikibengali gikoresha inyandiko z'inyuma (postpositions/vibhakti) zomekwa ku mazina, nk'inyongera "-e", "-te", cyangwa "-r".
Uburyo bw'Inshinga n'Ibihe: Inyongerashinga n'Inzibacyuho
Inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda zizwiho kuba zifite uturemajambo twomekwaho twinshi cyane twerekana urwego, igihe, uburyo, igisobanuro (nk'icyerekezo, icyeza, igisubirwamo), hamwe n'icyuzuzo cy'inshinga binyuze mu ndangagirango (object pronoun markers). Ibi bituma inshinga imwe y'Ikinyarwanda ishobora guhagararira interuro yose mu ndimi zindi. Mu guhindura mu Kibengali, umuhinduzi agomba gusobanura buri kuremajambo n'uruhare rwako mu nshinga y'Ikinyarwanda, hanyuma akayashakira inyito yihariye mu Kibengali cyo gikoresha inshinga z'amashami (complex verbs) n'inshinga zikora nk'abafasha (auxiliary verbs). Imikoreshereze y'ibihe (tenses) na yo iratandukanye: Ikinyarwanda gifite ibihe byihariye nk'igihe cy'uyu munsi, icy'ejo hashize, n'icy'akera cyane, mu gihe Ikibengali cyibanda cyane ku bihe by'ubu ngubu (present), ibyahise (past), n'ibizaza (future) ariko bikagira imiterere inyuranye y'uburyo igikorwa gikorwamo (aspects).
Urwego rw'Ubwubahane n'Imibanire mu Kibengali
Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigize ururimi n'umuco w'Ababengali (Bengali culture) ni urwego rw'ubwubahane rugaragarira mu mikoreshereze y'inshinga n'inyazina (pronouns). Mu gihe mu Kinyarwanda urwego rw'ubwubahane rwerekanwa cyane no gukoresha "Mwe" (ubwinshi bw'icyubahiro) aho gukoresha "Wowe", mu Kibengali bafite inzego eshatu zitandukanye rwose zo kwerekana icyubahiro cyangwa imibanire:
- Apni (Apni): Ikoreshwa ku bantu bafite inzego zo hejuru, abayobozi, abasaza, cyangwa abo utazi neza.
- Tumi (Tumi): Ikoreshwa ku nshuti, abo mu muryango rungano, cyangwa abo murusha imyaka mike.
- Tui (Tui): Ikoreshwa ku nshuti z'akadasohoka, abana bato, cyangwa mu gihe cy'ubwiyemezi (aho rimwe na rimwe bishobora no kwerekana agasuzuguro).
Umuhinduzi kuva mu Kinyarwanda agomba kusesengura neza umubano uri hagati y'abavugwa mu nyandiko y'umwimerere kugira ngo ahitemo neza imvugo ikwiye mu Kibengali, kuko gukoresha "tui" aho wagakoresheje "apni" byangiza ubutumwa bikaba byanateza amakosa akomeye mu muco n'itumanaho.
Guhuza Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo (Transcreation)
Umuco w'Abanyarwanda wuzuyemo imvugo zishingiye ku nka, ubuhinzi, n'imisozi, mu gihe umuco w'Ababengali wuzuyemo imvugo zishingiye ku migezi (isoko y'ubuzima muri Bangladesh n'Uburengerazuba bwa Bengal), ifi, impagarike y'ikirere cy'imvura (Monsoon), hamwe n'ibiryo birimo umuceri n'ibijyanye n'isukari (sweetmeats). Urugero, niba mu Kinyarwanda bagize bati "Guhora ku nka ngo ucyure iy'imbyeyi" cyangwa izindi mvugo zifashisha inka, umuhinduzi ntashobora kubihindura ijambo ku rindi kuko inka ifite agaciro kanyuranye mu muco w'Abahindu n'Abasilamu muri Bengal. Aho kubihindura nk'inka, hagomba gushakwa imvugo y'ikigereranyo ikoreshwa mu Kibengali yerekana isomo rimwe. Ibi ni byo byitwa "transcreation" cyangwa guhindura uhuza n'umuco, aho intego ari ukugera ku mutima w'umusomyi w'ururimi rwa kabiri akoresheje ibimenyetso n'amashusho asanzwe yumva mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi b'Umwuga
Kugira ngo uyu mushinga ugende neza mu guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Kibengali, dore zimwe mu nama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:
- Kora Urutonde rw'Amagambo (Glossary): Kubera ko izi ndimi zidakoresha inkoranyamagambo itaziguye (Kinyarwanda-Bengali Dictionary), umuhinduzi agomba kubanza gukoresha ururimi rw'igikoresho (nk'Icyongereza cyangwa Igifaransa) hanyuma agakora urutonde rw'inyito z'ingenzi n'ibisobanuro byazo mbere yo gutangira umushinga.
- Isesengure ry'Ibihe n'Uburyo (Context Analysis): Banza usome inyandiko yose y'umwimerere kugira ngo umenye intego yayo (haba mu buvuzi, amategeko, itangazamakuru, cyangwa ubuvanganzo) n'urwego rw'imvugo isabwa.
- Gusoma n'Ubugororangingo (Proofreading): Umaze guhindura mu Kibengali, inyandiko igomba gusomwa n'umuntu uvuga urwo rurimi nk'urwaramutswe (native speaker) kugira ngo arebe ko amagambo, imiterere y'interuro, n'ubwubahane byubahirijwe neza nk'uko bikwiye.