Ukuguqulela phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezohluke ngokupheleleyo ngokwemvelaphi, isakhiwo, kunye nenkcubeko ngumsebenzi ofuna ubuchule obuphezulu kunye nokuqonda okunzulu. IsiXhosa, olulwimi lwesintu olusebenzisa izimaphambili kunye neeklasi zezibizo (Bantu language), kunye nesiRashiya, olulwimi lwamaSlavic olusebenzisa iikesi (cases) kunye ne-alfabhethi yeCyrillic, zineempawu ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Olu guqulelo alufuni kuphela ukutshintsha amagama ukusuka kwenye i-alfabhethi ukuya kwenye, kodwa lufuna ukudlulisa intsingiselo yokwenene, umoya, kunye nenkcubeko equlethwe kwisicatshulwa sokuqala.
Umahluko weSakhiwo neSintaksi (Structural and Syntactic Differences)
IsiXhosa sisebenzisa isakhiwo sentetho esilandela ulandelelwano lwe-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), nangona olu landelelwano luyakwazi ukuguquguquka ngokuxhomekeke kwi-concordial agreement okanye isivumelanisi sentloko nesakhiwo seklasi yezibizo. Kwelinye icala, isiRashiya sikwasebenzisa i-SVO njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokwakha izivesi, kodwa ngenxa yenkqubo yaso etyebileyo yeekesi (cases ezintandathu: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, kunye neprepositional), ulandelelwano lwamagama kwisivesi lukhululeke kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba umguquli unokubeka isenzi ekuqaleni okanye ekugqibeleni kwesivesi ngaphandle kokulahla intsingiselo engundoqo, nto leyo enokubangela ukudideka kumnxibelelanisi wesiXhosa ongekho ngaphantsi kolu lwakhiwo.
Kwisixhosa, isivumelanisi (concord) silawula isivesi sonke ngokusekelwe kwiklasi yesibizo. Ukuba isibizo sikwiklasi 1 (umzekelo: umntu), isenzi siza kufumana isivumelanisi esifanelekileyo njengoko "u-". KwisiRashiya, izibizo zohlulwe ngokwezesini (gender): indoda (masculine), ibhinqa (feminine), kunye nento engathathi cala (neuter). Ukuhambelana kwezichazi (adjectives) kunye nezenzi zexesha elidlulileyo (past tense verbs) kwisiRashiya kuxhomekeke koku kwasini kunye nenani (singular okanye plural). Lo mahluko ufuna ukuba umguquli ahlalutye isakhiwo semiyalezo yomibini ukuze aqinisekise ukuba isigama asilahleki kwaye uluhlu lwentetho lunika intsingiselo echanekileyo.
Inkqubo yeZenzi kunye nee-Aspects zeLwimi (Verb Systems and Aspects)
Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu xa kuguqulelwa ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiRashiya yinkqubo yezenzi. KwisiXhosa, izenzo zakhiwa ngokusetyenziswa kwezimaphambili kunye nezikhonkwane ezibonisa ixesha (tense), inkangeleko (aspect), kunye nesimo (mood). KwisiRashiya, izenzi zineenkalo ezimbini ezaziwa ngokuba yi-Aspects: i-Imperfective aspect (enxulumene nezenzo eziqhubekayo, ezidlulayo, okanye eziphindaphindwayo) kunye ne-Perfective aspect (enxulumene nezenzo ezigqityiweyo okanye ezineziphumo ezithile ezisisigxina).
Ukuqonda indlela yokuguqula iimpawu zezenzi zesiXhosa ezinjengezenzo ezizenzekelayo okanye ezinxulumene nexesha elidlulileyo ukuya kwesiRashiya kufuna ulwazi olunzulu ngala malungu alandelayo:
- Ixesha eliDlulileyo: KwisiXhosa kukho ixesha elidlulileyo elisandul' ukudlula (recent past) kunye neladlulayo kudala (remote past). KwisiRashiya, kukho indlela enye kuphela yexesha elidlulileyo kodwa yohlulwa ngokwe-aspect (imperfective/perfective) ukubonisa ukuba isenzo sigqityiwe na okanye bekusenzeka nje phambi kokugqitywa kwaso.
- Izalathiso kunye neziMaphambili: KwisiXhosa amagama amaninzi adityaniswa abe linye ngenxa yesakhiwo se-agglutinative. KwisiRashiya, amagama ahlala ekhululekile kodwa atshintsha iziphelo (suffixes) kunye neziqalo (prefixes) ukubonisa ubume bezenzo kunye neendlela zazo.
- Ukuguquguquka kweZenzi: KwisiRashiya kufuneka uhlale uqaphela isalathiso sesenzo kunye nesiphelo sayo ukuze uthintele ukulahleka kwentsingiselo yentsusa yesiXhosa, eyaziwa ngokuba kukuhambelana kwezivumelanisi zentloko nezenzi.
Ubume beNkcubeko kunye ne-Transcreation (Cultural Context and Transcreation)
Ukuguqulela ayikuko nje ukutshintsha iilwimi, kodwa kukuguqulela iinkcubeko. IsiXhosa lulwimi olutyebileyo ngeentetho eziqulathe imithetho yesintu, amaxabiso anjengubuntu, kunye neentetho zasekuhlaleni. Amagama afana nelithi "ubuntu", "ilobola", "ulwaluko", okanye "intonjane" awanazo izithembiso ezithe ngqo kwisiRashiya. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, umguquli kufuneka asebenzise indlela ye-transcreation okanye enze inkcazelo eyongezelelweyo (paraphrasing/explanatory translation) ukunceda umfundi waseRashiya aqonde umxholo kunye nekamva lelo siko lichaziweyo.
Umngeni omkhulu womguquli kukugcina ubutyebi belwimi yentsusa ngelixa enika umfundi wolwimi ekujoliswe kulo ithuba lokuqonda isicatshulwa ngokungathi sibhalwe ngolwimi lwakhe lwenkobe.
Kwelinye icala, inkcubeko yaseRashiya inamagama kunye neentetho ezinxulumene nembali yayo, imozulu ebandayo, kunye noncwadi olukumgangatho ophezulu. Ukuguqulela ezi ngcamango zesiRashiya ukuya kwisiXhosa kukwafuna ubulumko obufanayo. Umzekelo, amagama afana nelithi "dacha" (indlu yasephandleni esetyenziselwa ukuzonwabisa ehlumiselwa kuyo imifuno) okanye "samovar" (isixhobo sentsimbi sokupeka iti esisebenzisa amalahle okanye amabhala) kufuneka acaciswe kakuhle ukuze abafundi besiXhosa bangalahleki kwintsingiselo yokwenene kwaye baqonde isizathu sokuba ezo zinto zibaluleke kangako eRashiya.
Iingcebiso ezibalulekileyo kubaguquli (Essential Tips for Translators)
Ukuba ufuna ukuba ngumguquli ophumelelayo phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiRashiya, nazi iingcebiso ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzilandele:
- Funda kwaye Uphande rhoqo: Zombini ezi lwimi ziyakhula kwaye ziyatshintsha. Gcina isichazi-magama sakho sentsalela sisitsha kwaye ulandele uncwadi lwala maxesha kuzo zombini iilwimi ukuze uqonde amagama amatsha avelayo.
- Qonda indlela yokubiza amagama (Phonology kunye ne-Orthography): IsiXhosa sinomsindo onqonqozayo (clicks: c, x, q) nongafunekiyo kwisiRashiya, ngelixa isiRashiya sineempawu zokuvakala kwesandi (palatalization) ezinokuba nzima ukuzibhala okanye ukuzichaza ngesiXhosa ngendlela echanekileyo.
- Sebenzisa izixhobo zeteknoloji ngononophelo: Uguqulelo lomatshini (machine translation) lunokunceda ekuqondeni umxholo jikelele, kodwa alukwazi ukubamba amahlanti enkcubeko okanye ulwakhiwo lwezivesi olunzulu lwezi lwimi zombini. Soloko uhlela umsebenzi womatshini ngesandla.
- Hlaziya umsebenzi wakho: Emva kokuguqulela, soloko ukhangela ukuba ngaba isicatshulwa sakho sokugqibela sivakala njengento ebhalwe ngokwendalo ngaloo lwimi uyiguquleleyo, ungapheleli nje ngokuguqulela igama ngegama.
Ubuchule be-SEO kwiNguqulelo zewebhu (SEO Strategies for Translated Web Content)
Xa kuguqulelwa isicatshulwa sewebhu (web content) ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiRashiya okanye ngokuchaseneyo, i-SEO (Search Engine Optimization) idlala indima enkulu kakhulu. Injongo kukuba isicatshulwa esiguqulelweyo sifumaneke lula kwiinjini zokukhangela ezinjengeGoogle okanye iYandex (esetyenziswa kakhulu eRashiya). Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kumashishini afuna ukufikelela kubaphulaphuli bamazwe ngamazwe okanye kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho.
Okokuqala, ukukhangela amagama angundoqo (keyword research) kufuneka kwenziwe kwilwimi ekujoliswe kuyo. Amagama angundoqo wesiXhosa akufunekanga aguqulelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwisiRashiya, kodwa kufuneka kufunyanwe amagama ahambelana nawo asetyenziswa ngabantu baseRashiya xa bekhangela loo mbandela kwi-intanethi. Okwesibini, i-meta data, izihloko (H1, H2, H3), kunye ne-URL fractures kufuneka zilungiselelwe ukuhambelana nemithetho ye-SEO yendawo leyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba nangona umxholo uguqulwa, umtsalane wawo kunye nokubonakala wawo kwi-intanethi akulahleki kwaye uqhubeka uzisa abakhenkethi bewebhu abachanekileyo.
Ukuqukumbela kokuPhucula uGuqulelo (Enhancing Translation Quality)
Ekugqibeleni, ukuguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiRashiya yindlela yokwakha ibhulorho phakathi kwamazwekazi amabini ahlukeneyo kunye neenkcubeko ezithandekayo. Ngokulandela le migaqo kunye nokuhlonipha isakhiwo kunye nenkcubeko yelwimi nganye, abaguquli banokwenza imisebenzi egqwesileyo, enomtsalane kwaye ifikelelekayo kubafundi beelwimi zombini. Eli qhinga lifuna umonde, ulwazi olubanzi, kunye nothando lokwenene lweelwimi neemfuno zazo ezahlukeneyo.