Ko te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Rūhia tētahi o ngā mahi tino uaua, heoi, he mahi tino whai koha ki te ao mariko o te reo me ngā tikanga. He rerekē rawa ēnei reo e rua; ko te reo Māori he reo nō te whānau kōrero o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa (Austronesian), ā, ko te reo Rūhia he reo nō te whānau Indo-European, he reo Slavic. Nā reira, ko te hunga e hiahia ana ki te whakawhiti i ngā kōrero me ngā tuhinga i waenga i ēnei reo e rua, me mātua mārama ki ngā rerekētanga ā-wetereo, ā-ahurea hoki hei whakarite i tētahi whakamāoritanga/whakarūhiatanga e hāngai pū ana, e rere pai ana.
Ngā Wetereo me ngā Hanga Kupu Rerekē
Ki te titiro tātou ki te hanganga o te reo Māori, he reo wetereo e whirinaki ana ki ngā kupu tohu (particles) hei whakaatu i te mahi, te wā, me te hononga o ngā kupu. I te reo Māori, ko te raupapa o ngā kupu i te nuinga o te wā ko te Tūmahi (Verb) e hāpai ana i te rerenga, ka whai mai ko te Kaimahi (Subject), ā, ka mutu ki te Whāinga (Object). He rerekē te reo Rūhia, he reo whai paheketanga kupu (inflected language) e tino whirinaki ana ki ngā mutunga kupu (suffixes/endings) hei whakaatu i te mahi a te kupu i roto i te rerenga kōrero. Ko te raupapa o ngā kupu i te reo Rūhia he ahua wātea, ahakoa ko te raupapa matua ko te Kaimahi + Tūmahi + Whāinga (SVO).
Tenei te tauira o tētahi wero nui: ko ngā paheketanga wetereo (cases) e ono o te reo Rūhia. I te reo Māori, ka whakamahia ngā kupu tohu pēnei i te "ki", "i", "e", me te "o" hei whakaatu i te hononga o ngā kupuingoa. I te reo Rūhia, ka huri te mutunga o te kupuingoa ake. Hei tauira, ki te whakawhiti i te rerenga kōrero Māori "Kei te haere ahau ki te whare", i te reo Rūhia, ka huri te kupu "whare" (дом) ki tētahi hanga motuhake (в дом) hei whakaatu i te ahunga. Ko te kore o ēnei momo paheketanga i te reo Māori te take me tino tupato te kaiwhakamaori ki te kōwhiri i te hanga tika o te kupu Rūhia kia kaua e tītaha te whakamārama.
Te Wā me te Tūmahi: Ngā Rerekētanga Matua
Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga wetereo nui ko te taha ki ngā tūmahi. I te reo Māori, kei te kupu tohu wā te mana (pēnei i te "kua", "kei te", "e... ana", "i"). Ko te tūmahi ake ka noho tonu tōna hanga ahakoa te wā. Heoi, i te reo Rūhia, he tino whīwhiwhi te tūmahi. He ahua motuhake tōna e kīia ana ko te aspect (te mahi kua oti, te mahi rānei kei te haere tonu), e tohu ana mena kua tutuki rawatia te mahi, kei te haere tonu rānei te mahi. Aua, me mōhio te kaiwhakamaori ki te horopaki o te kōrero Māori kia tika ai te kōwhiri i te tūmahi Rūhia.
- Te wā haere tonu: Me whakamahi i te hanga Rūhia "nesovershenny" (non-perfective) hei tohu i te mahi kāore anō kia oti.
- Te mahi kua oti: Me kōwhiri i te hanga "sovershenny" (perfective) hei tohu i te otinga rawatanga o taua mahi.
- Te tangata nāna te mahi: Rerekē ki te reo Māori, he rerekē ngā hanga tūmahi o te reo Rūhia mō ia tangata (tuatahi, tuarua, tuatoru) me te takitahi/takimaha hoki.
Te Whakahāngai Ahurea: Mana, Tapu me te Mauri ki te Reo Rūhia
Nā te mea he tino rerekē ngā ao e rua o te Māori me te Rūhia, he maha ngā kupu Māori kāore ōna tino ōrite i te reo Rūhia. Ko ngā kupu pēnei i te "mana", "tapu", "mauri", "kaitiakitanga", me te "whanaungatanga" he kupu e waha ana i ngā tikanga me ngā whakapono hōhonu o te ao Māori. Ki te whakawhiti noa ki tētahi kupu kotahi i te reo Rūhia, ka ngaro te wairua o te kōrero.
Mā te kaiwhakamaori ngaio e whai i ēnei huarahi e toru hei whakawhiti i ngā kupu ahurea:
- Te Tono Kupu (Transliteration): Ka taea te tuhi i te kupu Māori ki te arapiki Cyrillic (pēnei i te "мана" mō te mana, "тапу" mō te tapu) me te tāpiri i tētahi whakamārama poto ki raro, ki roto rānei i te tuhinga Rūhia.
- Te Whakamārama (Descriptive Translation): Te whakamahi i tētahi rerenga kōrero Rūhia hei whakamārama i te tikanga hōhonu o te kupu. Hei tauira, te whakamārama i te "kaitiakitanga" pēnei i te "tiaki i te taiao me ngā taonga tuku iho me te haepapa tapu".
- Te Whakakapi ahurea (Cultural Equivalence): Ahakoa he uaua, i ētahi wā ka kitea tētahi kupu Rūhia e tata ana te tikanga wairua, ahakoa kāore i te tino rite mō te horopaki tuku iho o te reo Māori.
Ngā Tohu Āwhina mō te Kaiwhakamaori
Hei whakarite i tētahi tuhinga kounga tiketike mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Rūhia, me whai i ēnei tohu matua:
1. Kia mārama ki te Rerekētanga o te Arapiki. Ko te reo Māori e whakamahi ana i te arapiki rātini (Latin alphabet) me ngā tohu tōtō (macrons) hei whakaatu i te reo roa o ngā oroarau. Ko te reo Rūhia e whakamahi ana i te arapiki Cyrillic. Ko te whakawhitinga o ngā ingoa tangata me ngā ingoa wāhi me mātua whakarite i raro i ngā ture o te whakawhiti oro (phonetic transliteration) kia rere tika te reo ki te taringa Rūhia, kaua e pōhēhē te pānui.
2. Rarangi Kupu motuhake. I mua i te tīmatanga o te mahi, me hanga tētahi rarangi kupu (glossary) e tohu ana i ngā kupu matua o te horopaki, me te whakawhitinga e tika ana. Mā tenei e mau ai te whakaūnga me te rite o te reo puta noa i te tuhinga, ā, ka aukati i te pohehe.
3. Whakamahia he Kaiwhakatika Reo Rūhia. Ko te reo o te tuhinga whakamutunga me rere pai pēnei i te tuhinga i tuhia taketia ki te reo Rūhia. Nā reira, he mea nui kia tirohia te tuhinga e tētahi mātanga ko te reo Rūhia tōna reo matua (native speaker) hei whakatika i ngā hapa wetereo me ngā rereketanga o te rere o te reo.
Te Hiranga o te Horopaki
I roto i te whakawhiti reo, ko te horopaki te rangatira. Kāore e taea te whakawhiti kupu ki te kupu (literal translation) me te tumanako ka puta he tuhinga pai. Me wetewete te kaiwhakamaori i te kaupapa matua o te rerenga kōrero Māori, ka rapu ai i te hanga wetereo Rūhia e kawe ana i taua whakaaro tonu. Hei tauira, he rerekē te hanga o te reo Māori ina korero ana mō te rangatiratanga ki te taha tōrangapū, ki te taha wairua rānei. Ko te kore e aro ki ēnei nuances ka arai atu ki te pōhēhē nui i te reo Rūhia.
Hei whakamutunga mō tēnei kaupapa, ko te whakawhiti reo Māori ki te reo Rūhia he mahi whakawhiti i te waka o te mātauranga mai i tētahi taha o te ao ki tētahi atu. Mā te aro nui ki te wetereo, ki te rere o te reo, me te wairua o ngā tikanga ahurea, ka taea te hanga i tētahi tuhinga e whakaute ana i te reo rangatira o te Māori, me te whakahihiko hoki i te hunga pānui reo Rūhia.