ਸ਼ੋਨਾ ਨੂੰ ਸੁੰਡਨੀਜ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ ਕਰੋ - ਮੁਫਤ ਔਨਲਾਈਨ ਅਨੁਵਾਦਕ ਅਤੇ ਸਹੀ ਵਿਆਕਰਣ | ਫ੍ਰੈਂਕੋ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ

Munyika yanhasi yekudyidzana kwepasi rose, kudiwa kwekushandura mitauro kubva kune mumwe kuenda kune mumwe kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Kushandura mashoko kubva mumutauro weChishona, unova mutauro mukuru unotaurwa muZimbabwe, kuenda mumutauro weChiSundanese (Basa Sunda), unotaurwa nevanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni makumi mana kumadokero kwechitsuwa cheJava muIndonesia, idanho rakakosha asi rine matambudziko akawanda. Mitauro iyi miviri inobva kumhuri dzemitauro dzakasiyana zvachose: Chishona chiri mumhuri yemitauro yeBantu (Niger-Congo), ukuwo ChiSundanese chiri mumhuri yemitauro yeAustronesian. Nokudaro, mushanduri anofanira kunzwisisa kwete chete mashoko, asiwo zvimiro zvegramani, tsika, nemaitiro evanhu vanotaura mitauro iyi.

Nhanganyaya Yemitauro: Kusiyana Kwezvimiro neGramani

Chishona nemutauro weChiSundanese zvine zvimiro zvemutauro zvakasiyana kwazvo izvo zvinoda kungwarirwa kukuru panguva yekushandura. Chishona mutauro unotsamira pazvibvumirano zvemupanda wemazita (noun class concords). Izvi zvinoreva kuti chirevo chose chemutsara chinotungamirwa nemupanda wezita riri kushandiswa. Somuenzaniso, kana tichitaura nezvemunhu (Mupanda 1/2) tinoshandisa zvakasiyana nepatinotaura nezvechinhu (Mupanda 7/8). Zvivakashure nezvivakamberi zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muChishona kuratidza nguva, kuitwa kwechinhu, nemubati wechiito.

Kune rumwe rutivi, mutauro weChiSundanese hauna mupanda wemazita wakafanana neweChishona, asi unotsamira zvakanyanya pane zvivakamberi (suffixes), zvivakashure (prefixes), nezvikati (infixes) kuratidza hukama hwezviito nemazita. ChiSundanese zvakare mutauro une marongerwo emazwi anochinjika zvichienderana nekuti chii chiri kusimbiswa mumutsara (focus system). Kushandura mutsara weChishona une chimiro cheMuiti-Chiito-Muitirwa (Subject-Verb-Object kana SVO) kuenda kuChiSundanese kunoda kuti mushanduri aongorore kana zvakakodzera kuchengetedza chimiro ichi kana kuchichinja kuti mutsara unzwikare semutauro wemuno muJava.

Kupatsanurwa Kwenhanho dzeKuremekedza (Undak Usuk Basa) muChiSundanese

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakanyanya kuoma pakushandura kuenda kuChiSundanese kuchengetedza nhanho dzekuremekedza dzinonzi Undak usuk basa kana Tatakrama basa Sunda. Mutauro weChiSundanese wakapatsanurwa kuita mapoka akati wandei ekuremekedza zvichienderana nekuti uri kutaura nemunhu akaita sei. Matanho aya anosanganisira:

• Basa Loma (Loma): Uku ndiko kutaura kwemazuva ose kana kwekushamwaridzana, kunoshandiswa pakati pevanhu vane zera rimwe chete kana shamwari yepedyo kwazvo. MuChishona, izvi zvinoenderana nekutaura usina kuremekedza zvakanyanya sekuti "uri kuitei?".
• Basa Lemes (Lemes): Uku ndiko kutaura kune ruremekedzo rukuru, kunoshandiswa paunenge uchitaura nevanhu vakuru, vakuru vehurumende, kana vanhu vausingazivi zvakanaka. MuChishona, izvi zvinoenderana nekushandisa izwi rekuti "imi" kana zvivakashure zvekuremekedza zvakadai sekuti "vari kuitei?".

Dambudziko rinosangana nemushanduri nderekuti ChiSundanese chinotova nemazwi akasiyana zvachose pane mamwe mazwi zvichienderana nekuremekedza. Somuenzaniso, izwi rekuti "kudya" muChishona rinogona kushandurwa se dahar (Loma), neda (Lemes kune anotaura), kana tuang (Lemes kune mumwe munhu). Mushanduri weChishona anofanira kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu ari munyaya (context) kuti aone kuti nderipi izwi rakakodzera kushandiswa muChiSundanese kuitira kudzivirira kurembedza kana kutadzisa ruremekedzo runodiwa.

Maitiro ekuGadzirisa Zvimiro zveMitsara yeGramani

Pakuita shanduro kubva kuChishona kuenda kuChiSundanese, kushandura shoko neshoko (literal translation) kunogona kuunza mhirizhonga mukunzwisisa. Mitauro yese iri miviri ine maitiro akasiyana ekuratidza nguva nemamiriro ezvinhu. Chishona chinoshandisa zvivakashure zvakasiyana-siyana kuratidza nguva yakapfuura (e.g., -aka-, -a-), nguva ino (-ri ku-), kana nguva yemberi (-cha-). ChiSundanese chinoshandisa mazwi anotsigira (particles/auxiliary words) akadai sekuti parantos kana tos (kuratidza kuti zvapera), keur (nguva ino), uye bakal (nguva yemberi).

Uyezve, Chishona chine zviito zvinogona kuwedzerwa nhengo dzekugadzirisa zvinoreva (verbal extensions) zvakaita sekuenzanisa (passive -wa-, causative -isa-, applicative -era/-ira). Mukushandurira kuChiSundanese, zvivakashure zvakaita se di- (zvekugadzira mutsara unoitwa/passive voice) uye zvivakamberi zvakaita se -keun zvinofanira kushandiswa nemazvo kutsiva zvirevo izvi. Somuenzaniso, mutsara weChishona unoti "Mwana akanyorera amai tsamba" unofanira kunyatsoongororwa kuti zvivakamberi zvinotsanangura kuitira mumwe munhu (-era) zvishandurwe zvakakodzera muChiSundanese uchishandisa chivakamberi -keun (Budak nuliskeun serat keur indungna).

Kududzirwa kweTsananguro dzeTsika: Kubva kuZimbabwe Kuenda kuIndonesia

Kushandura hakusi kwekungoshandura mazwi chete, asi zvakare kuri kuyananisa tsika mbiri dzakasiyana. Chishona chakapfuma netsika nemagariro eAfrika, izvo zvinosanganisira pfungwa dze "Unhu", "Roora/Lobola", uye kutenda mudzimu. ChiSundanese nachowo chakabatanidzwa zvakadzama netsika dzevanhu veSundanese, dzinopesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nechiIslam netsika dzechiHindu dzekare.

Apo mushanduri anosangana nemashoko ane chekuita netsika dzeChishona dzisina muChiSundanese, pane nzira dzinogona kushandiswa:

• Tsanangudzo (Descriptive Translation): Kutsanangura pfungwa yacho nemashoko mashoma muChiSundanese kuitira kuti muverengi anzwisise. Somuenzaniso, izwi rekuti "Roora" rinogona kutsanangurwa se mahar adat Sunda/Afrika kana mas kawin kuratidza mubhadharo wekuwanana asi uchitsanangura tsika yacho.
• Kutora mashoko sezvaari (Borrowing): Kuchengetedza shoko reChishona racho riine tsananguro muzvibereko kana mumashoko emunyasi (footnotes). Izvi zvinobatsira kuchengetedza kunaka kwetsika dzacho pasina kurasikirwa nerevo.
• Kutsvaga rakafanana (Functional Equivalence): Kutsvaga tsika kana pfungwa yeChiSundanese inenge yakafanana. Somuenzaniso, pfungwa ye "Unhu" inogona kuenzaniswa ne Sunda Wiwitan maererano nemaitiro akanaka emagariro, kana kushandisa izwi rekuti kasaeian kana adab ratova nemukurumbira muIndonesia.

Matanho neMazano Anobatsira Vashanduri veChishona neChiSundanese

Kutevedzera mazano aya anotevera kunogona kubatsira vashanduri kuburitsa shanduro yemhando yepamusoro uye inonzwisisika nevanhu veJava reMadokero:

1. Nzwisisa Vateereri Vako: Usati watanga kushandura, ziva kuti ndivanaani vachaverenga chinyorwa chako. Kana chiri chinyorwa chepamutemo, shandisa Basa Lemes. Kana chiri chinyorwa chemagariro evanhu pamawebhusaiti kana mabhuku emutambo, Basa Loma rinogona kunge rakakodzera.
2. Gadzira Duramazwi Rako: Nemhaka yekuti hapana maduramazwi akawanda akananga pakati peChishona neChiSundanese, unofanira kugadzira runyoro rwemashoko anowanzo shandiswa (glossary) rine zvinoreva mumitauro yese iri miviri uchishandisa mutauro wemubatanidzwa wakadai seChirungu sehwaro.
3. Dzivisa Kushandisa Zvishandiso zveKombiyuta Sezvazviri: Zvishandiso zvemichina zvekushandura hazvina ruzivo rwakadzama rwezvivako zvemutauro weChishona kana ChiSundanese. Zvinogona kushandura mutsara zvisirizvo zvachose kana kukanganisa ruremekedzo rwemutauro. Nguva dzose ongorora basa rose rakaitwa nemuchina.
4. Bvunza Vatauri Vemuno: Kana uine chokwadi nezvemamwe mashoko kana madimikira, zvakakosha kubvunza munhu anotaura ChiSundanese semutauro wamai kuitira kuti aone kana chinyorwa chacho chichinzwika sechekuzvarwa nacho (natural flow).

Mukupedzisa, kushandura kubva kuChishona kuenda kuChiSundanese hachisi chinhu chakareruka, asi chiitiko chinoda moyo murefu, ruzivo rwezvemutauro, uye kuongorora kwakadzama kwezvemagariro. Nekutevedzera zvakanyorwa mugwaro rino, vashanduri vanogona kuvaka bhiriji rakasimba rekukurukurirana pakati pevanhu vemuZimbabwe nevanhu vekuIndonesia pasina kurasikirwa nehunhu neruremekedzo rwemutauro wega wega.