Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa ibiganiro kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ugana mu Giswahili ni igikorwa gisaba ubushishozi buhanitse n'ubumenyi bw'imbotamasano y'indimi zombi. Nubwo indimi zombi zihuriye ku nkomoko imwe y'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages), ubu bucuti n'isano yazo bishobora koroheza akazi mu buryo bumwe, ariko nanone bishobora kubera umuteganyiko umuhinduzi utitonze. Zombi zifite imiterere ishingiye ku nteko z'amazina n'ubwumvikane bw'inshinga, ariko Ikinyarwanda n'Igiswahili biratandukana mu buryo bugaragara iyo bigeze ku mikoreshereze y'ibihe, imvugo z'ikigereranyo, amagambo y'umuco, ndetse n'inkomoko y'amagambo amwe n'amwe. Iyi nyandiko igamije kugaragaza inzira n'amategeko ntarengwa byafasha umuhinduzi gutanga umwandiko w'umwimerere, wumvikana neza kandi unozeye mu Giswahili cyiza cy'ubuhanga.
Isano n'Itandukaniro Hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiswahili
Kubera ko Ikinyarwanda n'Igiswahili ari ndimi za Bantu, bifite imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo yenda gusa. Inteko z'amazina (noun classes) nizo shingiro ry'inyandiko n'imivugirwe. Kurugero, amazina y'abantu mu Kinyarwanda abarizwa mu nteko ya 1 n'iya 2 (umuntu/abantu), kandi no mu Giswahili ni uko (mtu/watu). Ubu bumwe butuma guhindura interuro zimwe na zimwe byorohera umuhinduzi kuko imyubakire y'interuro mu ndimi zombi ikurikiza gahunda y'Inyito-Nshinga-Nterera (Subject-Verb-Object).
Ariko rero, itandukaniro riragaragara cyane iyo bigeze ku magambo y'amateka n'umuco. Igiswahili cyagize uruhare rukomeye mu bucuruzi bwo mu nyanja y'Ubuhinde, bityo cyinjiza amagambo menshi cyane akomoka mu rurimi rw'Icyarabu (Arabic loanwords), mu gihe Ikinyarwanda cyakomeje kugumana imvugo zifite inkomoko y'imbere mu gihugu, cyangwa se kigatira amagambo yo mu Gifaransa n'Icyongereza mu myaka ya vuba. Urugero, amagambo ajyanye n'idini, ubutegetsi, n'igihe mu Giswahili akenshi afite inkomoko mu Cyarabu (urugero: "imani" isobanura ukwemera, "serikali" isobanura leta, cyangwa "wakati" isobanura igihe). Ibi bisaba umuhinduzi w'Ikinyarwanda kugira ubumenyi bw'inkomoko y'amagambo kugira ngo adakoresha amagambo ahwanye gusa ahubwo akoreshe ahuye n'umuco n'imiterere y'Igiswahili.
Ibice By'Ingenzi Byitabwaho mu Guhindura
1. Inteko z'Amazina n'Ubwumvikane bw'Amagambo (Noun Classes & Agreement)
Mu Kinyarwanda, dufite inteko z'amazina zigera kuri 20. Buri nteko igira icyiyerekezo cyayo (prefixes) kigenga ubwumvikane bw'inshinga, ibinyazina ngenga, n'ibinshingano. Igiswahili nacyo gifite inteko z'amazina (ngeli za nomino) zigera kuri 18. Nko guhindura interuro nka "Ibiti byanjye birebire byaguye" mu Giswahili, bigomba gukurikiza ubwumvikane bw'inteko ya "Mti/Miti" (inteko ya 3 n'iya 4 mu Giswahili): "Miti yangu mirefu ilianguka". Aha umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda kuko rimwe na rimwe amazina y'ibintu mu Kinyarwanda adahita ahura neza n'inteko z'ibyo bintu mu Giswahili. Nko kwita umwana "mwana" mu Giswahili bifite ubwumvikane butandukanye n'inteko y'ibintu bisanzwe.
2. Inshinga n'Ibihe byazo (Verb Conjugation and Tenses)
Ikinyarwanda kizwiho kugira ibihe byinshi kandi bisesuye (tenses) birimo ibihe bya kure cyane, ibihe bya hafi, n'ibihe by'ako kanya, rimwe na rimwe bigaragazwa n'uturemajambo twihariye (urugero: -ara-, -ra-, -a-). Igiswahili nacyo gifite uburyo bwo guhuza inshinga n'ibihe hakoreshejwe uduce nka -ta- (igihe kizaza), -li- (igihe cyahise), -na- (igihe cy'ubu), n'ibindi. Itandukaniro riri mu buryo Ikinyarwanda gishobora kugaragaza igihe cyahise cy'ako kanya (urugero: "nagiye" bisobanura ubu ngubu mu minota mike ishize) gitandukanye n'icyahise cya kure ("nagiye" cyangwa "naragiye"). Mu Giswahili, itandukaniro rya "nimeenda" (igihe cy'ubu gishize / perfect tense) na "nilienda" (igihe cyahise / past tense) rigomba gukoreshwa neza hagamijwe kugaragaza isano nyayo y'igihe nk'uko yari iri mu mwandiko w'Ikinyarwanda.
3. Imigani n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo (Proverbs and Idiomatic Expressions)
Guhindura imigani ku buryo bw'ijambo ku rindi (word-for-word translation) ni ikosa rihambaye mu buhinduzi. Imigani y'Ikinyarwanda irimo umuco n'amateka by'u Rwanda, naho imigani y'Igiswahili (Methali) ikaba irimo umuco w'Abaswahili n'ubuzima bwo ku nkombe z'inyanja. Urugero, umugani w'Ikinyarwanda ugira uti: "Urugo rw'umugabo ruravugwa, ntirurara nka rubanda." Ntushobora kuwuhindura mu Giswahili ukoresheje amagambo atazwi n'Abaswahili. Aho gukora ibyo, umuhinduzi agomba gushaka umugani w'Igiswahili uhuye n'icyo gitekerezo, nka "Mgeni njoo mwenyeji apone" cyangwa se indi mvugo ihuye n'intego y'umwandiko. Ibi bituma umwandiko urushaho kuryoha kandi ukumvikana nk'aho wanditswe n'umunyagihugu w'umwimerere.
Inama z'Ubuhanga ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiswahili
Kwirinda Amagambo Asa mu Majwi ariko Atandukanye mu Bisobanuro (False Friends)
Kubera ko indimi zombi zifite amagambo menshi ahwanye mu myandikire cyangwa mu majwi, hari amagambo menshi ashobora kuyobya umuhinduzi (false friends). Urugero, inshinga "kubariki" mu Giswahili isobanura guha umugisha (to bless), ariko mu Kinyarwanda inshinga "kubarika" isobanura gushaka abagore benshi (polygamy). Ibi bishobora guteza urujijo ukaba wahindura nabi inyandiko yera cyangwa iy'amategeko. Urundi rugero ni ijambo "kuhara" mu Giswahili risobanura guhitwa (diarrhea), mu gihe "guhara" mu Kinyarwanda bishobora gusobanura gutakaza ubushake cyangwa guhitamo ikintu kimwe ukareka ikindi. Umuhinduzi agomba kwitondera amagambo yose asa cyangwa yenda gusa kugira ngo adakora amakosa aturuka ku kwizera ko ijambo risobanura kimwe mu ndimi zombi.
Gusobanukirwa Urwego rw'Ururimi n'Abo Umwandiko Ugenewe (Register and Audience)
Igiswahili gikoreshwa mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (Tanzania, Kenya, DRC, Uganda, Burundi, n'u Rwanda). Urwego rw'Igiswahili gikoreshwa mu nyandiko z'ubuyobozi mu gihugu cya Tanzania (Kiswahili Sanifu) ruri ku rwego rwo hejuru kandi rutandukanye n'Igiswahili gikoreshwa mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo (Kingwana). Iyo uhindura umwandiko ugana mu Giswahili, ugomba kumenya abasomyi bawe abo ari bo. Niba umwandiko ugenewe isoko rya Kenya cyangwa irya Tanzania, uburyo bwo kwandika bugomba guhuzwa n'Igiswahili cyemewe n'inteko z'indimi z'ibyo bihugu (nk'Inteko ya Kiswahili ya Taifa - BAKITA mu Tanzania).
Inzira n'Ibyiciro byo Gutunganya Umwandiko
Guhindura umwandiko ku buryo bw'ubuhanga bisaba gukurikiza ibyiciro bitatu by'ingenzi:
- Icyiciro cyo Gusoma no Gusobanukirwa: Mbere yo kwandika ijambo na rimwe mu Giswahili, umuhinduzi agomba gusoma umwandiko w'Ikinyarwanda wose akawumva neza. Aha niho asobanukirwa n'icyo umwanditsi yashakaga kuvuga, injyana y'umwandiko (tone), n'amagambo akomeye aza gukenera ubushakashatsi.
- Icyiciro cyo Guhindura: Aha umuhinduzi atangira kwandika umwandiko mu Giswahili ahindura igitekerezo ku kindi, aho guhindura ijambo ku rindi. Muri iki cyiciro, yibanda ku myandikire y'Igiswahili Sanifu, akoresha inkoranyamagambo n'ibitabo by'ikibonezamvugo kugira ngo ashyireho amagambo ahuye neza n'imiterere y'umwandiko w'inkomoko.
- Icyiciro cyo Gukosora no Gusuzuma (Editing & Proofreading): Nyuma yo guhindura, umuhinduzi agomba gusoma umwandiko w'Igiswahili asuzuma niba urimo gusomeka neza (fluency), niba nta makosa y'ikibonezamvugo arimo, ndetse niba ubutumwa bwose bwo mu Kinyarwanda bwahinduwe neza nta na kimwe cyasigaye cyangwa ngo gihindurwe nabi.
Umusaruro w'Ubuhanga mu Guhindura
Guhindura ku buryo bw'ubuhanga kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Giswahili ntabwo ari uguhuza amagambo gusa, ahubwo ni ukwubaka ikiraro cy'umuco n'ubwenge hagati y'abaturage b'ibihugu byombi. Ibi bituma ubutumwa bugera ku basomyi benshi muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba no ku isi yose, kandi bukabageraho mu buryo bunoze, bwubaha imico n'imyandikire by'ururimi rw'Igiswahili. Buri muhinduzi rero asabwa gukomeza kwihugura, gusoma inyandiko z'indimi zombi, no gukoresha uburyo bugezweho kugira ngo akazi ke karusheho kuba indashyikirwa.