Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa gusemura kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ugana mu Gisloveniya (Slovenian/Slovenščina) ni umwe mu mirimo ikomeye y'ubusemuzi isaba ubumenyi buhanitse n'usesengura ry'indimi zombi bitewe n'uko izi ndimi zikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye rwose kandi ifite amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo yihariye. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'Ikibantu runyotera inyomeka (agglutinative language), aho amagambo menshi n'inshinga byubakwa hakoreshejwe imigereka itandukanye yomekwa ku gishingiro cy'ijambo. Mu gihe Igisloveniya cyo ari ururimi rw'Ikisilave cyo mu majyepfo (South Slavic), rukoresha uburyo buhambaye bwo guhindura ishusho y'amagambo (inflectional language) bishingiye ku nteko z'amazina, udusanduku tw'amazina (cases/skloni), ndetse n'umubare w'ibiri (dual number/dvojina). Kugira ngo umusemuzi abashe gukora umurimo unoze kandi w'umwanda, agomba gusobanukirwa neza aya matandukaniro y'imiterere y'indimi zombi ndetse n'inkomoko y'imico yazo.
1. Umubare w'Ibiri (Dvojina/Dual Number) mu Gisloveniya: Imbogamizi ku Basemuzi b'Ikinyarwanda
Kimwe mu bintu bikomeye kandi byihariye biranga ururimi rw'Igisloveniya, kikaba n'imwe mu nkingi z'ikibonezamvugo zigora abasemuzi bakoresha Ikinyarwanda, ni umubare w'ibiri cyangwa "Dvojina". Mu ndimi hafi ya zose zo mu muryango w'Ikibantu nk'Ikinyarwanda, ndetse n'indimi nyinshi z'Uburayi nko mu Gifaransa cyangwa icyongereza, amazina n'inshinga bigira imiterere y'ubuke (singulier) n'ubwinshi (pluriel). Iyo ibintu biri kubikwa cyangwa abantu bavugwa barenze umwe, bihita bijya mu buryo bw'ubwinshi.
Mu Gisloveniya ho, ibintu biba mu miterere itatu y'imibare: ubuke (ednina), umubare w'ibiri (dvojina), n'ubwinshi burenze bibiri (množina). Iyo uvuze "umwana" ukoresha ubuke; iyo uvuze "abana babiri" ukoresha umubare w'ibiri (dvojina); naho iyo uvuze "abana batatu cyangwa barenga" ni bwo ukoresha ubwinshi busanzwe. Ibi bisaba ko umusemuzi w'Ikinyarwanda witonda cyane kuko mu Kinyarwanda interuro nka "Incuti zanjye ebyiri zaje kunsura" ikoresha inshinga iri mu bwinshi ("zaje"), ariko mu Gisloveniya ugomba gukoresha ishusho y'inshinga n'ishusho y'izina byihariye byerekeza ku bantu babiri gusa. Gukoresha ubwinshi busanzwe mu mwanya w'umubare w'ibiri bifatwa nka rimwe mu makosa akomeye y'ikibonezamvugo mu Gisloveniya yerekana ko umusemuzi atazi neza ururimi.
2. Gahunda y'Udusanduku tw'Amazina (Skloni/Cases) Uhanganye n'Inteko z'Amazina z'Ikinyarwanda
Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina yose agabanyijwe mu nteko z'amazina (noun classes) kuva ku nteko ya 1 kugeza ku ya 20. Izi nteko nizo zigena imigereka n'ibihemburo byomekwa ku nshinga, ku binyazina ngenera, ndetse no ku bihemburo by'ahantu. Mu Gisloveniya ho, nta nteko z'amazina nk'iz'Ikibantu zibaho, ahubwo bishingikiriza ku gitsina cy'izina (igitsina-gabo/moški spol, igitsina-gore/ženski spol, cyangwa igitsina-mbonezamikino/srednji spol) ndetse n'uruhare izina rifite mu nteruro binyuze mu buryo bwitwa Cases (Skloni).
Igisloveniya gikoresha udusanduku tw'amazina (cases) tutandatu twerekana uruhare ry'izina, kandi rimwe na rimwe aya madegere ahindura ishusho y'izina ryose bitewe n'icyo rigamije kwerekana. Utu dusanduku ni utu bukurikira:
- Imvugwa (Imenentso: Kdo ali kaj / Nominative): Ukoreshwa ku gishingiro cy'interuro (subject), urugero nka "Umwana ari kurya."
- Igenamvu (Imenyetso: Koga ali česa / Genitive): Ukoreshwa mu kwerekana uwenye cyangwa ibura ryingenzi, urugero nka "Igitabo cy'umwana" cyangwa "Nta mazi ariho."
- Ihabwa (Imenyetso: Komu ali čemu / Dative): Ukoreshwa ku cyuzuzo cy'itadukanya (indirect object), urugero nka "Nabahaye igitabo."
- Iruha (Imenyetso: Koga ali kaj / Accusative): Ukoreshwa ku cyuzuzo kiteguye (direct object), urugero nka "Nabonye umwana."
- Itabaza (Imenyetso: O kom ali o čem / Locative): Ukoreshwa mu kwerekana aho ikintu kiri cyangwa icyo bavuga, urugero nka "Mu nzu" cyangwa "Kuvuga ku mwana."
- Ikoresha (Imenyetso: S kom ali s čim / Instrumental): Ukoreshwa mu kwerekana igikoresho cyangwa umuntu muri kumwe, urugero nka "N'ikaramu" cyangwa "Hamwe n'umwana."
Iyo uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda, aho interuro ikoresha udupfungzo nka "kuri", "mu", "na", cyangwa izindi nyongerabusobanuro zihariye, mu Gisloveniya ugomba guhitamo neza "Sklon" ijyanye n'iyo nteruro kandi ukayihuza neza n'inyongerabusobanuro ikwiye (prepositions nka v, na, pri, s, z). Ibi bisaba ubushishozi kuko niba izina riri mu gitsina-gore, rizahindura ishusho mu buryo butandukanye n'iry'igitsina-gabo mu mudusanduku twose tutandatu.
3. Imiterere y'Inshinga: Dovršni na Nedovršni (Verb Aspects)
Inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda zifite uburyo buhambaye bwo kwerekana ibihe, aho ushogora kwerekana igihe cyahise cya hafi (amanywa y'uyu munsi), igihe cyahise cya kure (ejo cyangwa kera cyane), n'igihe kizaza cya hafi cyangwa cya kure. Mu Gisloveniya, ibihe by'inshinga biroroshye mu mubare (igihe cyahise/preteklik, igihe cya none/sedanjik, n'igihe kizaza/prihodnjik), ariko bifite imiterere ihambaye cyane yitwa "Glagolski vid" (aspect).
Iyi miterere igabanyamo inshinga mu matsinda abiri y'ingenzi:
- Dovršni (Perfective): Zerekana igikorwa cyarangiye neza, cyabaye inshuro imwe rukumbi cyangwa gifite iherezo rigaragara (urugero: kwandika igitabo cyose ukakirangiza - napisati).
- Nedovršni (Imperfective): Zerekana igikorwa kigikomeza, kitararangira, cyangwa kiba kenshi mu buryo bw'akamenyero (urugero: kuba uri mu gikorwa cyo kwandika ariko utarakirangiza - pisati).
Iyo umusemuzi ahindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda, aho inshinga y'Ikinyarwanda ishobora kwerekana igikorwa kigikomeza binyuze mu nteruro nka "Nandikaga ibaruwa," mu Gisloveniya agomba guhitamo inshinga yo mu bwoko bwa "Nedovršni" (pisati) kugira ngo atanga ubutumwa bukwiye. Guhitamo nabi hagati y'inshinga z'aya matsinda abiri bishobora gusenya burundu igitekerezo nyamukuru cy'interuro.
4. Guhuza Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikinyagihugu (Transcreation and Localization)
Ubusanzwe, ubusemuzi bwiza ntibushingira ku guhindura amagambo rimwe ku rindi (literal translation), kuko ibyo bishobora gutuma inyandiko ihinduka itumvikana cyangwa ikazamo amakosa. Urwanda n'Esiloveniya bifite imico itandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha amagambo n'imvugo z'ikinyagihugu zishingiye ku buzima bw'icyaro, ubworozi bw'inka, imibanire y'imiryango, n'imigenzo gakondo. Mu Gisloveniya ho, imvugo zabo nyinshi zishingiye ku misozi migari (Alps), imbeho, amashyamba, ndetse n'umuco w'Uburayi bwo hagati.
Urugero, imvugo z'Ikinyarwanda nka "Guhiga umuhigo," "Amashyo n'amata," cyangwa "Kugira inka" zifite ibisobanuro byimbitse mu muco nyarwanda byerekana icyubahiro, urukundo, n'ubukungu. Mu guhindura izi mvugo mu Gisloveniya, umusemuzi agomba gushaka imvugo z'Igisloveniya zifite intego n'icyo bisobanura bimwe na ziriya, aho guhindura gusa ngo "imikumbi y'inka n'amata" kuko Umusloveniya ashobora kutumva isano ryo guha umuntu inka n'ubucuti bukomeye. Iyi gahunda yo guhuza umuco yitwa "Transcreation".
5. Inama z'Ingenzi ku Basemuzi b'Aprofejionali mu Kinyarwanda n'Igisloveniya
Kugira ngo ugerereze ku musaruro mwiza mu guhindura inyandiko hagati y'izi ndimi zombi, dore inama z'ingenzi zagufasha:
- Koresha Ibitabo by'Imvugo z'Ikinyagihugu (Glossaries): Buri gihe jya wubaka urutonde rw'amagambo agoye n'imvugo z'umuco z'indimi zombi, ukurikirana uburyo zimwe zishobora guhuzwa n'izindi batiriwe bahindura amagambo mu buryo butaziguye.
- Kwitonda ku Gitsina cy'Amazina: Mu Kinyarwanda nta gitsina cy'amazina (masculine/feminine) kibaho mu kibonezamvugo. Mu Gisloveniya ho, buri zina rifite igitsina cyaryo kandi rikagena ishusho y'ibihemburo biyerekezaho. Genzura neza ko ibihembo (adjectives) bihura neza n'izina mu gitsina.
- Kora Ubushakashatsi ku Gihugu cya Esiloveniya: Kumva amateka, imirire, imyizerere, n'imiterere y'igihugu cya Esiloveniya bigufasha guhitamo amagambo yubashywe kandi ajyanye n'aho inyandiko izasomerwa (register).
- Iga Gahunda y'Inyomeka y'Igisloveniya (Declension Patterns): Kubera ko amazina mu Gisloveniya ahindura ishusho mu buryo bwinshi bitewe na "Sklon" arimo, umusemuzi agomba kugira ubumenyi buhanitse mu buryo amazina yubakwa kugira ngo adakora amakosa y'ikibonezamvugo.
- Genzura Umubare w'Ibiri (Dvojina) mu Mteruro Zose: Buri gihe niba habonetse umubare "bibiri" mu nyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda, ugomba guhindura inshinga n'amazina mu buryo bwa "Dvojina" mu Gisloveniya, ukirinda gukoresha ubwinshi busanzwe (plural).
Mu gusoza, guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gisloveniya ni umwanda w'ubwenge n'ubuhanga buhanitse. Gushyira imbaraga mu kumva amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo, kwitonda ku mubare w'ibiri, ndetse no guhuza imico binyuze mu buryo bwa transcreation, nizo nkingi z'ingenzi zizafasha umusemuzi wese kugeza ubutumwa nyabwo ku basomyi b'Igisloveniya nta kurogoya uburyohe bw'inyandiko y'umwimerere.