Amahirwe n'Inzitizi mu Guhindura Icyerekezo gishya cy'Indimi
Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ugana mu Gimaori (Te Reo Māori), ururimi rw'amoko kavukire y'i New Zealand (Aotearoa), ni inzira ishimishije ariko kandi igoye cyane. Ikinyarwanda n'Igimaori ni indimi zikomoka mu miryango ibiri itandukanye cyane y'indimi ku isi: Ikinyarwanda cyo mu muryango w'indimi za Bantu (Niger-Congo), naho Igimaori kikaba mu muryango w'indimi z'Ama-Ostroneziya (Austronesian). Iri tandukaniro ry'inkomoko rituma uburyo bwo guhindura butaba ubwo gusimbuza amagambo gusa, ahubwo biba guhuza imico, imitekerereze, n'imiterere y'indimi zombi. Kubera ko ubufatanye bw'isi n'isi bukomeza kwiyongera, guhindura neza hagati y'izi ndimi bifasha mu kurinda umuco no koroshya itumanaho ry'abantu batandukanye.
Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Ururimi: Bantu na Ostroneziya
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe kugera ku musaruro mwiza, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa imiterere y'izo ndimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rushingiye ku nteko z'amazina (noun classes) ndetse n'inyajwi n'ingombajwi zihuzwa mu buryo bugaragara cyane bushingiye ku tugenekerezo tw'imbere (agglutinative grammar). Ibi bivuze ko inshinga imwe y'Ikinyarwanda ishobora kuba ikubiyemo insimburajina, igihe inshinga ibereye, icyerekezo cy'igikorwa, n'ibindi byinshi.
Ku rundi ruhande, Igimaori ni ururimi rw'inyabufindo rusanzwe rushyira inshinga imbere y'izina n'intego (Verb-Subject-Object cyangwa VSO syntax). Hafi ya byose mu Gimaori bigaragazwa binyuze mu busobanuro bw'amagambo aherekeza (particles) aho kuba utwungerekera mu nshinga nk'uko bimeze mu Kinyarwanda. Ingero z'izi nzitizi zikunze kugaragara mu buryo bukurikira:
- Inshinga n'Ibihe: Mu Kinyarwanda, ibihe by'inshinga (ahashize, ubungubu, ejo hazaza) bihuzwa mu buryo butaziguye n'inshinga ubwayo hakoreshejwe amasezerano y'inteko z'amazina. Mu Gimaori, ibihe byerekanywa hakoreshejwe amagambo yihariye (nk'iry'ikimenyetso "kua" ryerekana igikorwa cyarangiye cyangwa "ka" ryerekana ikigiye kuba) aza mbere y'inshinga itarimo impinduka.
- Inteko z'amazina n'ubwumvikane: Ikinyarwanda gifite inteko z'amazina zirenga icumi zerekana niba ikintu ari umuntu, inyamaswa, ikintu gifatika, cyangwa icyiyumviro. Mu Gimaori nta nteko z'amazina nk'izo zihari, ibi bikaba bisaba umuhinduzi gushaka ubundi buryo bwo gusobanura icyo cyiciro cy'amazina adakoresheje amategeko y'ururimi ahubwo akoresheje amagambo asobanura neza (adjectives).
- Urutonde rw'Amagambo mu Nteruro: Mugihe Ikinyarwanda gikoresha urutonde rwa Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), Igimaori gikoresha Verb-Subject-Object (VSO). Ibi bisaba guhindura burundu imyubakire y'interuro kugira ngo isomwe mu buryo bwumvikana ku musomyi w'Umumaori.
Umuco, Imyizerere n'Inyito Zigoranye mu Guhindura
Umuco ni inkingi ikomeye cyane mu guhindura indimi zombi. Mu muco w'Abamaori, hari ibitekerezo n'inyito bidashobora guhindurwa mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda hakoreshejwe ijambo rimwe gusa. Urugero rwa mbere ni ijambo "Mana" (ububasha bw'umwuka, icyubahiro cyangwa imbaraga zituruka ku basekuru) n'ijambo "Tapu" (ikintu kiziririjwe cyangwa gifite uburinzi bw'umwuka). Aya magambo ntabwo ahura neza n'ijambo ry'Ikinyarwanda "Imana" cyangwa "Kuziririza" mu buryo bw'umuco buhagije.
Ku rundi ruhande, inyito zo mu Kinyarwanda nk'"Umuganda" (ubufatanye mu gukora imirimo y'inyungu rusange) cyangwa "Gacaca" (urukiko rushingiye ku muco no bwiyunge) na zo zitoroshye kuzisobanura mu Gimaori. Niba umuhinduzi ahuye n'amagambo nk'aya, inama z'inzobere zivuga ko agomba:
- Gukoresha inyito z'umwimerere: Gusiga ijambo nk'uko riri hanyuma ugashyiraho ibisobanuro mu dukorezo cyangwa mu birenge by'urupapuro (footnotes).
- Gukoresha uburyo bw'ibisobanuro (Paraphrasing): Gusobanura igitekerezo icyo ari cyo aho kugerageza kubona ijambo ry'impapuro rimwe ritazwi mu rurimi rwakiriye inyandiko.
- Guhuza n'umuco (Localization): Gushaka inyito ishobora kwumvikana hafi y'iyo ngero mu muco w'Abamaori nka "Koha" (impano ikorwa mu buryo bwo guhana no gufashanya) niba bihuye n'ibiri guhindurwa mu Kinyarwanda.
Uburyo bwo Guhindura Ukoresheje Ururimi Ruhuza
Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo zikomeye kandi zizewe ziriho hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igimaori, abahinduzi hafi ya bose bifashisha ururimi rw'Icyongereza nk'ururimi ruhuza (Pivot Language). Iyi nzira nubwo yoroshya akazi, ifite ibibazo byayo byihariye. Iyo uhinduye kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Cyongereza, hanyuma kuva mu Cyongereza ugana mu Gimaori, umwimerere w'inyandiko ushobora gutakara mu ntambwe ya kabiri.
Kugira ngo ibi bikorwe neza, umuhinduzi agomba kugira ubushishozi buhambaye. Agomba kureba niba inyito y'Ikinyarwanda itahindutse mu buryo buhabanye n'ukuri igihe yashyirwaga mu Cyongereza mbere yo kuyishyira mu Gimaori. Urugero, amagambo y'ubwiyunge n'ubufatanye mu Kinyarwanda akoreshwa mu mibanire y'abantu ashobora gutakaza imbaraga zayo mu Cyongereza kubera kutagira inteko z'amazina na sisitemu y'ubwumvikane bw'umuco wa Bantu.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda mu Gimaori
Niba wifuza gukora uyu mwuga cyangwa niba uri guhindura inyandiko runaka, dore inama z'ingenzi zagufasha kugera ku musaruro urambye kandi w'umwimerere:
- Soma cyane ku mico yombi: Ntabwo bihagije kumenya amagambo. Ugomba gusoma amateka, imyizerere, n'imibereho y'Abanyarwanda n'Abamaori. Ibi bizagufasha kumva icyerekezo n'uburemere bw'amagambo ukoresha mu nyandiko yawe n'uburyo asomwamo na buri ruhande.
- Koresha uburyo bwo gusoma byimbitse (Back-translation): Nyuma yo guhindura inyandiko mu Gimaori, gerageza kuyihindura uyigarura mu Kinyarwanda (cyangwa usabe undi muhinduzi kubikora) utareba inyandiko y'umwimerere. Ibi bizakwereka niba ubusobanuro nyabwo bwaragumye hejuru cyangwa niba bwaratakaye mu nzira.
- Ikinyabupfura mu rurimi (Language Register): Mu Gimaori, hari amagambo yihariye akoreshwa mu bihe by'imihango (formal protocols cyangwa Marae contexts) n'akoreshwa mu buzima busanzwe. Ni nako bimeze mu Kinyarwanda aho imvugo ikoreshwa mu cyubahiro cyangwa imbere y'abayobozi n'abageze mu za bukuru itandukanye n'imvugo isanzwe. Guhitamo igipimo cy'ururimi cyiza ni ingenzi cyane.
- Kugisha inama abenegihugu: Igihe cyose ushidikanya, gisha inama inzirabwenge n'abavuga ururimi rw'Igimaori nk'ururimi rwabo rwa mbere, kimwe n'uko ku Kinyarwanda bisaba kugisha inama abahanga mu nteko z'integanyanyigisho z'ururimi n'umuco w'u Rwanda.
Mu gusoza, guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gimaori ni inzira isaba ubuhanga buhanitse bw'ururimi, kwihangana, n'ubwubahane buhambaye hagati y'imico yombi. Gukoresha izi nama n'ingamba zagaragajwe haruguru bizafasha abahinduzi gutanga inyandiko zumvikana neza, zifite umutsi, kandi zubahisha imico n'indimi z'abazisoma zombi.