Intangiriro ku Mihindurire y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikibasiki
Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ujyana mu Kibasiki (Euskara) ni umwe mu mirimo itoroshye kandi isaba ubuhanga buhanitse mu bijyanye n'indimi. Ikinyarwanda n'Ikibasiki ni izina ry'indimi zikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye rwose, kandi zifite amateka n'imiterere bihabanye. Mu gihe Ikinyarwanda ari ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi za Bantu (Bantu languages) zikoreshwa muri Afurika yo Kati n'iburasirazuba, Ikibasiki cyo ni ururimi rwihariye (language isolate) rutarangwa mu muryango w'indimi zizwi mu Burayi cyangwa ahandi ku isi. Ibi bivuze ko nta sano na rito riri hagati y'izi ndimi zombi haba mu ntekerezo, mu nkoranyamagambo, cyangwa mu miterere y'amakuru.
Kuri ubu, isoko ry'ubuhinduzi rikeneye abahanga bashobora guhuza izi ndimi zombi mu buryo bwiza, haba mu bijyanye n'ubucuruzi, ubukerarugendo, ubuvanganzo, cyangwa ikoranabuhanga. Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abigereho neza, agomba gusobanukirwa mu buryo bwimbitse inyito z'indimi zombi, imiterere y'interuro, uburyo bwo guhuza inshinga, ndesetse n'imico y'abaturage bazivuga. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo burambuye ibibazo bikunze kugaragara mu buhinduzi bw'izi ndimi n'uburyo bwo kubikemura.
Imiterere y'Interuro: SVO vs. SOV
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye mu buhinduzi bw'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikibasiki ni isano iri hagati y'imiterere y'interuro mu ndimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha gahunda y'interuro izwi nka SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), aho umukuzi (Subject) abanziriza inshinga (Verb), hanyuma hagakurikiraho icyakorewe (Object). Urugero: "Umuhinduzi yandika igitabo."
Ku rundi ruhande, Ikibasiki gikoresha cyane gahunda ya SOV (Subject-Object-Verb), aho inshinga iza mu musozo w'interuro. Mu Kibasiki, interuro yacu yaba iteye gutya: "Umuhinduzi igitabo yandika" (Idazleak liburua idazten du). Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba guhindura burundu imitekerereze ye igihe ahindura inyandiko. Kudakurikiza iyi miterere bishobora gutuma interuro isomeka nka Leta y'amahanga kandi igatakaza ireme ry'ubusobanuro bwayo mu Kibasiki.
Nyamara kandi, ururimi rw'Ikibasiki ruzwiho kugira imiterere y'interuro ihinduka bitewe n'icyo umuvuzi ashaka gushyiraho umwaccent (focus/galga). Ibi bisaba ko umuhinduzi amenya aho agomba gushyira ijambo ryingenzi mu nteruro kugira ngo ubutumwa bw'Ikinyarwanda bugumane uburemere bwabwo n'intego yabwo y'umwimerere.
Uburyo bwa Ergative-Absolutive mu Kibasiki
Ikibasiki ni ururimi rufite imiterere y'indimi izwi nka Ergative-Absolutive alignment. Ibi bitandukanye cyane n'Ikinyarwanda gikoresha imiterere ya Nominative-Accusative. Mu Kibasiki, isomo ryo kwitonderwa cyane ni akabonekeza (suffix) "-k" gahagarariye inyito ya Ergative case. Iyo umukuzi ari gukora igikorwa gifite icyakorewe (transitive verb), izina rye rifata umugereka "-k". Urugero, "idazle" (umuhinduzi/umwanditsi) ihinduka "idazleak" (umwanditsi wakoze igikorwa cya transitive).
Iyo inshinga ari intransitive (idafite icyakorewe), umukuzi ntabwo afata uwo mugereka wa "-k", ahubwo arakoresha inyito ya Absolutive yongerwaho ubusa cyangwa inyuguti zerekana umubare gusa. Ibi bintu ntibiba mu Kinyarwanda, aho umukuzi agora afite imiterere imwe rihorere haba mu nshinga zifite icyakorewe n'izitagifite. Abahinduzi b'Abanyarwanda bashobora kugwa mu mutegano wo kwibagirwa kongeraho akabonekeza "-k" igihe bakeneye kwerekana uwakoze igikorwa mu Kibasiki, ibi bikaba byatuma interuro yumvikana nabi cyangwa igahindura ubusobanuro burundu.
Uduce tw'Amagambo n'Inyunge z'Amazina (Agglutination and Cases)
Ikinyarwanda n'Ikibasiki byombi ni izindi ndimi zikoresha uburyo bwo guhuza uduce tw'amagambo (agglutination), ariko buri rurimi runyura mu nzira yarwo yihariye:
- Mu Kinyarwanda: Uduce tw'amagambo twongerwa cyane cyane ku nshinga nk'umugereka w'imbere (prefixes), nk'indangantego, indangantambwe, n'ibimenyetso by'akayego (object pronouns). Urugero: "Nyakwandikira" (N-a-ku-andik-ira) ikurwamo amakuru yose yerekeye uwandika, ubandikirwa, n'igihe.
- Mu Kibasiki: Iki gikorwa kiba cyane cyane ku mazina binyuze mu gukoresha inyunge z'amazina (cases/declensions) zirenga 17. Aho gukoresha amagambo yigenga (prepositions) nka "mu", "kuri", "imbere ya", cyangwa "inyuma ya", Ikibasiki cyongera uduce (suffixes) ku musozo w'izina. Urugero: "etxe" (inzu), "etxean" (mu nzu), "etxetik" (kuva mu nzu), "etxerako" (kujya ku nzu).
Umuhinduzi asabwa guhuza izi nzego zombi mu buryo bwitonze. Iyo uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda, ugomba kureba amagambo nka "mu mugi" cyangwa "ku musozi" ukayahinduramo inyito ihuye nayo neza mu Kibasiki ukoresheje inyunge z'amazina zikwiriye (Inessive case n'izindi).
Guhuza Inshinga n'Imiterere ya Polypersonal Agreement
Ikindi kintu cyihariye ku Kibasiki ni imiterere y'inshinga zikoresha uburyo bwa Polypersonal Agreement. Mu ndimi nyinshi nk'Igifaransa cyangwa Icyongereza, inshinga ihuza n'uwakoze igikorwa gusa. Mu Kinyarwanda, inshinga ishobora guhuza n'uwakoze igikorwa ndetse n'icyakorewe binyuze mu ndangabitsina n'akayego k'icyakorewe byometwe ku nshinga.
Mu Kibasiki rero, inshinga mufasha (auxiliary verb) ihinduka bitewe n'ibice bitatu icyarimwe: Uwakoze igikorwa (Subject), icyakorewe (Direct Object), ndetse n'uwakorewe igikorwa (Indirect Object). Inshinga nka "du" (afite/yakoze) ishobora guhinduka mu buryo bwinshi cyane bitewe n'imiterere y'aba bakorewe n'abakoze igikorwa. Ibi bisaba ko umuhinduzi asobanukirwa neza imikoreshereze y'inshinga z'Ikibasiki nka "izan" (kuba) na "ukan" (kugira) n'uburyo zifatanya n'inshinga nkuru mu nteruro.
Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo (Transcreation)
Ubuhinduzi bwiza ntibugarukira gusa mu guhindura amagambo ku yandi, ahubwo bukora n'akazi ko guhuza imico (cultural transcreation). Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rukize cyane ku mvugo z'ikigereranyo, imigani, n'ijambo ry'ikinyabupfura bikomoka ku muco w'ubworozi bw'inka, ubuhinzi, n'imibanire y'abantu mu muryango nyarwanda. Urugero, amagambo akoreshwa mu kwifuriza abandi ibyiza nka "Gira inka n'abana" cyangwa imvugo nka "Amata n'ubuki" ntishobora guhindurwa nk'uko yakabaye mu Kibasiki (e.g., "izan behiak eta umeak"). Mu Kibasiki, ibi ntibyaba bifite ubusobanuro bw'umuco cyangwa byakumvikana nka rusange ritagira uburyo bw'imitekerereze.
Umuhinduzi agomba gushaka imvugo zihuye n'izo mu muco w'Ikibasiki. Ababasiki fite umuco ukomeye w'ubworozi bw'intama mu misozi (Pyrenees), uburobyi ku nyanja ya Cantabrian, n'imigenzo ifitanye isano n'imiterere y'ikirere cy'iwabo. Umuhinduzi agomba gusimbuza izo mvugo z'Ikinyarwanda izindi zifite uburemere bumwe mu muco w'Ikibasiki, hagamijwe ko umusomyi w'umubasiki yumva neza inyandiko nk'aho yanditswe n'umwenyegihugu.
Inama Z'inguzi ku Bahinduzi
Kugira ngo ukore ubuhinduzi buhebuje kandi bwizewe, dore inama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:
- Soma ubutumwa bwose mbere yo guhindura: Ntugatangire guhindura interuro ku yindi utarasobanukirwa n'igitekerezo cyose cy'inyandiko y'umwimerere y'Ikinyarwanda.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo z'inzobere: Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo itaziguye ihari hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikibasiki, koresha indimi zihuza nk'Igifaransa, Icyongereza, cyangwa Icyesipanyoli nk'ikiraro (bridge languages), ariko witondere cyane ibyitwa "false friends" (amagambo asa ariko afite ubusobanuro butandukanye).
- Witondere amayobera y'ubuhinduzi bw'imigenzo: Igihe uhuye n'ijambo ridafite irihuye naryo mu Kibasiki, koresha uburyo bwo gusobanura (paraphrase) cyangwa wandike ijambo ry'Ikinyarwanda hanyuma ushyireho ibisobanuro mu ruziga (footnotes).
- Koresha ururimi rwemewe (Euskara Batua): Mu guhindura inyandiko z'ubucuruzi, iz'amategeko cyangwa iz'ikoranabuhanga, koresha ururimi rw'Ikibasiki rwemewe (standard Basque/Euskara Batua) aho gukoresha imvugo z'uturere (dialects) nk'Ikibizikaya (Bizkaian) cyangwa Ikigipuzukoya (Gipuzkoan), keretse iyo inyandiko yagenewe abasomyi bo mu gace runaka gusa.
- Koresha abasomyi b'Ababasiki b'amavuko (Native Reviewers): Buri gihe, inyandiko yawe ikimara guhindurwa, igomba gusuzumwa n'umuntu uvuga Ikibasiki nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko kugira ngo arebe niba interuro zisomeka neza kandi zifite injyana ikwiriye.
Umwanzuro w'Ibyigwa
Guhindura ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ugana mu Kibasiki bisaba kwihangana, ubushakashatsi, n'ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi. Binyuze mu gusobanukirwa imiterere y'interuro za SOV, uburyo bw'inyunge z'amazina mu Kibasiki, n'amategeko ya ergative, umuhinduzi ashobora guhuza neza ibi bihugu byombi bifite amateka n'umuco bikize. Iyi nzira y'ubuhinduzi si uguhindura amagambo gusa, ahubwo ni uguhuza imitima n'imitekerereze y'abaturage b'u Rwanda n'ab'ihugu by'Ababasiki.