Guhindura inyandiko ku buryo bw'umwamba kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ujya mu Gisinghala (rurimi ruse rwavuzwe cyane muri Siri Lanka) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi ndetse n'umuco wazo. Ikinyarwanda, nk'ururimi rw'ikibantu (Bantu language) rukoreshwa muri Afurika yo Hagati, n'Igisinghala, nk'ururimi rw'ingere (Indo-Aryan language) rukoreshwa muri Aziya y'Amafo, bifite imiterere y'indimi n'amateka atandukanye cyane. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse ibyiciro by'ingenzi, imbogamizi, n'amayeri afasha abahinduzi gukora akazi k'umwamba gasobanutse neza, gahuye n'umuco kandi humvikana neza ku basomyi b'Abasinghala.
Imiterere y'Indimi: SVO vs. SOV
Imbere y'uko uhindura interuro iyo ari yo yose, ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa uko amagambo ateguye mu nteruro muri izi ndimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha gahunda y'interuro ya SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), aho ugira insanganyamatsiko (igikorwa), inshinga, hanyuma icyashatswe gukorwa. Ugereranyije, ururimi rw'Igisinghala rukoresha gahunda ya SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Ibi bivuze ko inshinga ihora iza inyuma y'interuro mu Gisinghala.
Mu guhindura, umuhinduzi ntashobora guhindura ijambo ku rindi kuko bishobora gutuma interuro idasomeka neza cyangwa igatakaza icyo yasobanuraga. Umuhinduzi agomba gusenya interuro y'Ikinyarwanda, agafata igitekerezo cy'ingenzi, hanyuma akacyubaka bundi bushya akoresheje gahunda ya SOV y'Igisinghala. Kurugero, interuro nk'iyi: "Umwana ari kurya umutsima" (SVO), mu Gisinghala ihinduka "Umwana umutsima ari kurya" (SOV).
Ibyiciro by'Amazina n'Amarenga y'Icyubahiro (Noun Classes vs. Honorifics)
Ikinyarwanda kizwiho kugira ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes) bigera kuri 16, aho buri zina rishyirwa mu cyiciro bitewe n'uturemajambo twaryo ndetse n'isano bifitanye n'andi magambo mu nteruro (nk'inshinga n'ibihe). Ku rundi ruhande, Igisinghala ntigifite ibi byiciro by'amazina nk'ibyo mu Kinyarwanda, ariko gifite uburyo buhambaye bwo gutandukanya amazina hashingiwe ku kintu cyonyine bifitanye isano (nk'ibintu bifite ubugingo n'ibitabufite - animate vs. inanimate nouns).
Ndetse kandi, Igisinghala gikoresha cyane amagambo n'inshinga zinyuranye bitewe n'icyubahiro uhaye uwo muvugana (honorific levels). Iki ni ikintu gikomeye kuko mu Kinyarwanda hari uburyo bwo kubaha (gukoresha "mwe" aho gukoresha "wowe"), ariko mu Gisinghala ho amashami y'icyubahiro arenga atatu cyangwa ane bitewe n'inzego z'imibereho, imyaka, n'uburyo abantu baziranye. Iyo uhindura inyandiko ikoresha Ikinyarwanda cy'icyubahiro cyangwa cy'abantu bakuru, ugomba guhitamo neza amagambo n'inshinga bikwiye mu Gisinghala kugira ngo inyandiko itagaragara nka nyandiko irimo agasuzuguro cyangwa se ikoresha imvugo itajyanye n'igihe.
Gukoresha Uturemajambo n'Ibinyazina Bishinzwe Kwerekana Aho Ibitero Bishingiye (Prepositions vs. Postpositions)
Mu Kinyarwanda, insanganyamatsiko zerekana aho ikintu giherereye cyangwa icyerekezo (prepositions) zishyirwa imbere y'izina. Nko mu nteruro "ku ntebe" cyangwa "mu nzu", amagambo "ku" na "mu" aza mbere y'amazina "intebe" na "inzu". Mu Gisinghala, ibi bihinduka bikaba postpositions, aho uturemajambo twerekana icyerekezo cyangwa isano dushyirwa inyuma y'izina, kandi akenshi bigafatana n'iryo zina nk'umugereka.
Umuhinduzi asabwa kwitonda cyane kuko imikoreshereze y'ibi binyazina ishobora guhindura burundu ibisobanuro by'inyandiko. Kugira ngo inyandiko y'Igisinghala isomeke neza kandi igire uburyo bw'umwimerere w'inyandiko (natural flow), ni ngombwa kumenya uko amazina ahengama (noun declension) bitewe n'utwo turemajambo dushyirwa inyuma yatwo.
Ubuhanga bwo Guhindura Umuco n'Imigani (Transcreation)
Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rukungahaye cyane ku misango, imigani, n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo zishingiye ku muco w'u Rwanda, inka, ubuhinzi, n'imibereho y'abanyarwanda. Amagambo nk' "amateka", "imihigo", "inkera", cyangwa "gacaca" ntabwo afite amagambo ahwanye na yo neza mu rurimi rw'Igisinghala. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uburyo Abasinghala bavuga ku mico yabo n'idini rya Buddha (Buddhism) bushingiye ku mateka yabo yihariye.
Iyo umuhinduzi ahuye n'amagambo nk'aya, ntashobora kuyahindura nk'uko ari (literal translation). Ahafite ibyiciro bitatu byo guhitamo bitewe n'inyandiko:
- Gukoresha ijambo ry'umwimerere hanyuma ugashyiraho ibisobanuro mu magambo make (borrowing with explanatory footnotes).
- Guhitamo ijambo ry'Igisinghala rifite igisobanuro gifite aho gihuriye n'icyo mu Kinyarwanda nubwo bitaba bihuye neza 100% (functional equivalence).
- Guhindura gusa igitekerezo ariko ugakoresha umuco w'Abasinghala kugira ngo inyandiko isomeke neza (transcreation).
Uburyo bwa gatatu ni bwo bwiza cyane iyo uhindura inyandiko z'ubuvanganzo, izo kwamamaza, cyangwa inyandiko z'imbonezamubano.
Amayeri y'Ingenzi yo Gutsinda Imbogamizi mu Guhindura
Kugira ngo ube umuhinduzi w'indashyikirwa w'Ikinyarwanda mu Gisinghala, kurikiza izi nama z'ingenzi zikurikira:
- Kora ubushakashatsi bw'imyandikire y'Igisinghala: Ururimi rw'Igisinghala rufite inyandiko yarwo yihariye (Sinhala script). Ugomba kumenya neza uko amagambo yandikwa ndetse n'abaranga-nyandiko kugira ngo inyandiko yawe isomeke neza kandi yanditse ku buryo bw'umwamba.
- Itondere imvugo z'inzaduka n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo: Ntiwigere uhindura amagambo y'imigani ijambo ku rindi. Shaka imigani cyangwa imvugo z'ikigereranyo mu Gisinghala zifite ubutumwa bumwe n'iy'Ikinyarwanda.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zizewe kandi usome cyane: Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo nyinshi zikoreshwa zizewe z'Ikinyarwanda n'Igisinghala icyarimwe, koresha indimi z'abahuza nk'Icyongereza (English) nk'ikiraro, ariko witonde kugira ngo ubutumwa bw'umwimerere butazazika mu guhindura kabiri.
- Soma inyandiko yawe ukiyuburura: Iyo urangije guhindura, soma inyandiko yawe y'Igisinghala wirengagije inyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo urebe niba isomeka neza, niba nta nteruro zigoranye zirimo, kandi niba ubutumwa buza ku buryo busobanutse.
Guhindura Ikinyarwanda mu Gisinghala ni igikorwa cy'ubuhanga gisaba gushyira imbere umuco n'imiterere y'indimi zombi. Gukoresha aya mayeri n'ubumenyi bizagufasha gukora inyandiko zikunzwe, zumvikana, kandi zifite ireme ryo hejuru ku basomyi b'Abasinghala.