Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Cyarabu (Arabic) ni umwe mu mirimo ikomeye isaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw’indimi zombi, imico yazo, ndetse n’imiterere yazo mu rwego rw’imitekerereze. Indimi zombi zituruka mu miriyango y’indimi itandukanye rwose: Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw’Abantu (Bantu language) rukoreshwa muri Afurika yo hagati n’iy’iburasirazuba, mu gihe Icyarabu ari ururimi rw’Abasemi (Semitic language) rufite abayoboke benshi muri Aziya y’Uburengerazuba no muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru. Ibi bituma ubu buhinduzi busaba ubwitonzi buhanitse kugira ngo ubutumwa buhindurwa butazatandukira ku njyana, umwimerere, cyangwa ubusobanuro bwabwo bw’umwimerere. Muri iyi nyandiko, turasuzuma mu buryo bwimbitse itandukaniro ry'ibihe, imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo, ndetse n'inama zafasha abahinduzi gukora akazi k'indashyikirwa.
Imiterere y’Indimi Zombi: Ikinyarwanda n’Icyarabu
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora akazi ke neza, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati y’imiterere y’ijambo n’interuro mu Kinyarwanda n’Icyarabu. Ibi bifasha kwirinda amakosa akomoka ku guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) akunze gusenya ubutumwa bw'inyandiko.
1. Imiterere y’Inshinga n’Amazina
Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina agabanijwe mu nteko (noun classes) zitandukanye, aho inshinga, ibinyazina, n’ibimanisha bigomba guhuza n’inteko y’izina ryerekezwaho. Uru rugero, guhuza inteko y'abantu n'iy'ibintu biba bitandukanye cyane mu nteruro. Ku rundi ruhande, Icyarabu gishingiye ku gitsina cy’izina (izina rishobora kuba gabo cyangwa gore) ndetse n’umubare (umwe, babiri/bibiri - dual, cyangwa benshi/byinshi - plural). Mu Cyarabu, ikigero cy’ubumwe cyangwa ubwinshi gifite amategeko yacyo yihariye, cyane cyane ku nshinga zihinduka hashingiye ku gitsina n’umubare w’abakora igikorwa. Umuhinduzi agomba kuba maso kugira ngo ahuze neza inshinga n’amazina mu buryo buhwanye n'uko bikorwa mu rurimi rw'icyarabu.
2. Icyerekezo cy’Ibyanditswe n’Inyuguti
Itandukaniro ry’ibanze kandi rigaragara inyuma ni uburyo bwo kwandika. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha inyuguti z’Ikilatini (Latin alphabet) kandi cyandikwa kuva ibumoso ugana iburyo (Left-to-Right). Icyarabu cyo gikoresha inyuguti zacyo bwite (Arabic script) kandi cyandikwa kuva iburyo ugana ibumoso (Right-to-Left). Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi atagomba gusa kumenya ururimi, ahubwo agomba no kumenya gukoresha porogaramu z’ikoranabuhanga zifasha gupanga inyandiko mu byerekezo byombi (bi-directional text layout) kugira ngo imbonerahamwe, ibika, n'amataliki biyegeke neza aho bigomba kuba biri.
Inzitizi n’Ingorane Zikunze Kugaragara mu Buhinduzi
Guhindura mu Cyarabu kuva mu Kinyarwanda guhura n'ingorane zishingiye ku muco, imyizerere, ndetse n'amateka y'ibihugu byombi. Hano hari zimwe mu nzitizi z'ingenzi buri muhinduzi agomba guhangana nazo:
- Itandukaniro ry’Umuco n’Imyizerere: Icyarabu ni ururimi rufitanye isano ya hafi cyane n'idini rya Isilamu ndetse n'umuco w'Abarabu mu buryo bw'amateka. Amagambo menshi y'Icyarabu afite inkomoko mu bitabo bitagatifu n'imihango y'idini. Ku rundi ruhande, Ikinyarwanda gifite amagambo n’imvugo bikomoka ku muco nyarwanda gakondo, ubworozi bw'inka, n’imyizerere yaho. Guhindura imvugo nka "Imana iguhundagazeho umugisha" cyangwa "Gusa n'amata n'ubuki" mu Cyarabu bisaba gushaka imvugo zihuye na zo mu muco w'abarabu aho guhindura ijambo ku rindi.
- Imigani n’Imvugo z’Amashushanyo: Imigani y’Ikinyarwanda ikoresha cyane ibimera n’inyamaswa biboneka mu Rwanda (nk’inka, intare, cyangwa imirima y’ibitoki). Mu Cyarabu, imigani ikunze kwerekeza ku bintu bifite isano n'ubutayu, ingamiya, amafarasi, cyangwa amateka y'intambara z'icyo gihe. Umuhinduzi agomba kubona imvugo ifite icyo isobanuye gifite agaciro kamwe mu rurimi ruhindurwamo kugira ngo asigasire ireme ry'ubutumwa.
- Amagambo adafite ibyahuye mu rurimi rwa kabiri: Hari amagambo amwe n’amwe mu Kinyarwanda ashingiye ku mibereho y’abanyarwanda adafite ijambo rimwe riyahuza mu Cyarabu, ndetse n’amagambo y’Icyarabu afite ibisobanuro byagutse by’idini n’amateka adafite icyo yahuza mu Kinyarwanda (nk’amagambo nka "Taqwa" cyangwa "Sadaqah"). Hano bisaba gusobanura ijambo cyangwa gushaka icyo risobanura mu buryo bw'ijambo ryagutse.
Inama z’Inganzamarumaru ku Bahinduzi b’Umwanyamwuga
Kugira ngo ubu buhinduzi bugende neza kandi butange umusaruro w’indashyikirwa, dore inama z’ingenzi buri muhinduzi akwiye gukurikiza:
1. Sobanukirwa Umushinga n’Abo Ugenewe (Target Audience)
Mbere yo gutangira guhindura, ugomba kumenya neza abo inyandiko igenewe. Mbese urimo guhindurira Abarabu bo mu bihugu by’Ikigobe (Gulf countries) cyangwa abo muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru? Icyarabu gifite ururimi rw’imyandiko rusange (Modern Standard Arabic - MSA) rwumvikana na bose, ariko kandi gifite n’indimi z’amarenga (dialects) zikoreshwa mu bihugu bitandukanye. Ku rundi ruhande, inyandiko y’Ikinyarwanda igomba kuba isobanutse neza nta mvugo z’akarere zirimo kugira ngo yoroshye ubuhinduzi bwizewe.
2. Shingira ku Ngingo n’Ubutumwa (Context-Based Translation)
Komeza kwibuka ko intego y’ubuhinduzi atari uguhindura amagambo, ahubwo ari uguhindura ibitekerezo. Umuhinduzi agomba gusoma interuro yose, akayisobanukirwa, hanyuma akayandika mu Cyarabu akoresheje imiterere n'ijambo bikwiye mu Cyarabu bitabangamiye amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo cy’icyo rurimi ruhindurwamo. Ibi birinda ko inyandiko isomeka nk'aho yahinduwe n'imashini cyangwa umuntu utumva neza ururimi.
3. Koresha Inkoranyamagambo n’Ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bw’Ubuhanga
Gukoresha ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga nka CAT Tools (Computer-Assisted Translation) bishobora koroshya akazi, ariko ntugomba kwizera ubuhinduzi bwo mu mashini (machine translation nka Google Translate) ijana ku ijana. Ikinyarwanda n’Icyarabu ntabwo biragira amakuru ahagije mu mashini ku buryo zahindura neza inyandiko zikomeye, iz’ubuvanganzo, cyangwa iz'amategeko. Buri gihe, gusuzuma inyandiko gukorwa n'umuntu uvuga Icyarabu nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko (native speaker) ni ngombwa cyane.
4. Kwitondera Uburyo bw’Icyubahiro n’Ikinyabupfura
Mu Cyarabu, uburyo bwo kwandikira umuntu bukoresha amagambo y’icyubahiro hashingiye ku rwego rwe mu muryango, mu kazi, cyangwa mu nzego z’ubuyobozi n'idini. Ikinyarwanda nacyo gifite uburyo bwo kubaha, ariko ubw’Icyarabu bufite imvugo nyinshi zihariye kandi zikomeye cyane. Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza niba inyandiko ari iy’akazi (formal) cyangwa niba ari inyandiko isanzwe (informal) kugira ngo akoreshe amagambo akwiye atazatera urujijo cyangwa ngo arenge ku muco w'icyubahiro.
Umwanzuro ku Buhinduzi bw’Ikinyarwanda n’Icyarabu
Guhindura mu Cyarabu kuva mu Kinyarwanda ni inzira isaba ubushishozi, kwihangana, ndetse n’ubushakashatsi buhoraho. Mu gihe isi irimo kurushaho kuba umudugudu umwe, ubu buhinduzi bufite uruhare runini mu koroshya ubucuruzi, ubutwererane mu bya dipolomasi, ndetse n’ubusabane mu mico itandukanye hagati y’ibihugu bivuga Ikinyarwanda n’ibivuga Icyarabu. Gukurikiza amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo, gusobanukirwa imico y’indimi zombi, ndetse no gukoresha neza ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, ni ryo banga ryo kugera ku buhinduzi bw’umwimerere n’indashyikirwa buzashimisha abasomyi b’ururimi rw’Icyarabu.