Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa amagambo kuva mu Kinyarwanda ukajyana mu Kinyamasedoniya ni umurimo usaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi ndetse n'imico yazo. Ikinyarwanda n'Ikinyamasedoniya ni indimi zikomoka mu miryango itandukanye cyane y'indimi ku isi. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'Ikibantu rukoreshwa cyane muri Afurika yo Kati n'Ibiyaga Bigari, cyane cyane mu Rwanda n'ibihugu bihana boundary na rwo. Ku rundi ruhande, Ikinyamasedoniya ni ururimi rw'Igisilave rwo mu majyepfo rukoreshwa muri Masedoniya y'Amajyaruguru n'uduce tubikikije muri Balkan. Iri tandukaniro ry'inkomoko rituma imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo, imyandikire, ndetse n'uburyo bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo bitandukana cyane. Ubu buyobozi bwagenewe gufasha abahinduzi n'abamenyi b'indimi gusobanukirwa n'inzira n'amayeri yo guhindura inyandiko neza hagati y'izi ndimi zombi.
Itandukaniro ry'Imyandikire n'Inyuguti Zikoreshwa
Imbogamizi ya mbere ikomeye umuhinduzi ahura nayo ishingiye ku nyuguti zikoreshwa mu kwandika izi ndimi. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha inyuguti z'Ikilatini (Latin alphabet) nk'uko zikoreshwa mu zindi ndimi z'i Burayi nka Gifaransa cyangwa Cyongereza. Ku rundi ruhande, Ikinyamasedoniya gikoresha inyuguti za Gicuriliki (Cyrillic alphabet). Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba kubanza kumenya neza gusoma no kwandika izi nyuguti za Gicuriliki (nk'inyuguti nka А, Б, В, Г, Д, ДЖ, n'izindi) kugira ngo ashobore guhindura neza. Imyandikire y'Ikinyamasedoniya ishingiye ku mategeko y'amajwi (phonetic principle), aho buri nyuguti ihagarariye ijwi rimwe gusa, kandi ibi birasa cyane n'imiterere y'amajwi mu Kinyarwanda nubwo inyuguti ubwaze zitandukanye. Kuri uyu mushinga, umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda mu gihe ahindura amazina bwite (transliteration) y'abantu, imijyi, cyangwa ibihugu kugira ngo adahindura uburyo avugwamo. Urugero, izina "Kigali" rishobora kwandikwa nka "Кигали" mu Kinyamasedoniya, naho amazina nk'iry'umwami cyangwa igihugu nka "Macedonia" akandikwa nka "Македонија" mu Kinyamasedoniya.
Ibyiciro by'Amazina n'Ibitsina by'Izina: Imiterere y'Ikibonezamvugo
Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina agabanyijemo inteko z'amazina (noun classes) zigera kuri 16, zishingiye ku tugenekerezo (prefixes) tw'amazina. Izi nteko zigena uburyo inshinga n'ibihe binyuranye bikoreshwa mu nteruro binyuze mu buryo bw'amatsinda n'amasezerano y'ikibonezamvugo. Mu Kinyamasedoniya, imiterere y'amazina iratandukanye cyane kubera ko ikoresha ibitsina by'amazina (grammatical gender): igitsina gabo (masculine), igitsina gore (feminine), ndetse n'igitsina ntera cyangwa kigira (neuter). Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya uko izina ry'Ikinyarwanda rishyirwa mu gitsina cyaryo gikwiye mu Kinyamasedoniya. Urugero, amazina asozwa n'inyajwi "-a" mu Kinyamasedoniya akunze kuba ari igitsina gore (feminine), naho amazina asozwa n'ingombajwi akaba igitsina gabo (masculine).
Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi ni amashami y'amazina n'utugereko duhamya izina (definite articles). Mu Kinyamasedoniya, utugereko duhamya izina dushyirwa ku musoza w'izina (suffixes) nk'akagereranyo "-ot" ku gitsina gabo, "-ta" ku gitsina gore, ndetse na "-to" ku gitsina ntera. Mu Kinyarwanda, aka gace gahamya izina kagaragarira mu nyajwi ibanza y'izina (preprefix), nk'uko tubibona ku ijambo "umugabo" (u- ni preprefix, -mu- ni prefix, -gabo ni igicuku cy'izina). Gupanga ibi bice by'ikibonezamvugo mu buryo bwiza ni ryo shingiro ry'inyandiko yumvikana neza. Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza aho ashyira utu tugereko twose kugira ngo inyandiko igire umudiho unoze kandi yubahirize amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo y'Ikinyamasedoniya.
Itondeka ry'Inshinga n'Ibihe by'Inshinga
Itandukaniro mu bijyanye n'inshinga hagati y'Kinyarwanda n'Ikinyamasedoniya riragaragara cyane. Inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda zifite imiterere ishingiye ku ngingo zikomatanya (agglutinative syntax), aho inshinga imwe ishobora kubamo integuza y'insanganyamatsiko, akaremajambo k'igenga, akaremajambo k'intego, n'akaremajambo k'igihe (urugero: "nzakuguha" ihagarariye interuro yose "I will give you"). Mu Kinyamasedoniya, itondeka ry'inshinga rishingiye ku byiciro by'inshinga (verb conjugation) ndetse n'ubwoko bw'inshinga zisoje (perfective) n'izidashoje (imperfective). Ibi birasaba ko umuhinduzi yumva neza igihe igikorwa kibera ndetse n'uburyo kigaragaramo mu ururimi rukomokwaho. Urugero, Ikinyamasedoniya gifite ibihe by'amateka bitandukanye, birimo ibihe by'amateka byakozwe n'uwabibonye (witnessed past tenses) ndetse n'ibiherekeza ibyavuzwe n'abandi utihereyeho (reported/unwitnessed past tenses). Guhindura ibi bihe byose neza bisaba kwitonda cyane kugira ngo ukuri kw'inyandiko kudatakara.
Ikindi kandi, mu Kinyamasedoniya nta ngero z'uburyo bwo guhuza inshinga bishingiye ku nteko z'amazina nk'uko biri mu Kinyarwanda. Ahubwo, inshinga zihuzwa n'icyerekezo cy'umuntu (first, second, third person) ndetse n'ubwinshi (singular/plural). Ibi bisaba ko umuhinduzi ashengerera interuro y'Ikinyarwanda akayisobanura neza, hanyuma akayigira iy'Ikinyamasedoniya yubahirije imiterere y'inshinga z'Ikinyamasedoniya. Uburyo bw'ikigereranyo bugaragara mu nshinga z'ibihimbano nabyo bigomba kwitonderwa.
Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo n'Umuco mu Buhinduzi
Ururimi ni umuyoboro w'umuco. Ikinyarwanda gikungahaye ku mvugo z'ikigereranyo, imigani migufi, ndetse n'ibisakuzo bikoreshwa mu rwego rwo gushimangira ingingo runaka. Guhindura izi mvugo mu buryo bw'ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) birashobora gutuma inyandiko yo mu Kinyamasedoniya itumvikana na gato cyangwa igahindura ubusobanuro. Umuhinduzi agomba gushaka imvugo z'ikigereranyo mu Kinyamasedoniya zifite ubusobanuro bumwe cyangwa bwegeranye n'ubw'Ikinyarwanda. Urugero, imvugo nka "buriya si buno" cyangwa "akanyoni katagurutse ntikamenya iyo bweze" ntishobora guhindurwa ijambo ku rindi. Igomba guhindurwa hashingiwe ku cyo isobanura mu muco w'abanyamasedoniya, hakokeshwa imvugo zabo bwite zifite iyo nsingano yo gutanga inyigisho nk'iyo.
Ubusobanuro bw'imyemerere n'imigenzo nacyo ni ikintu kigomba kwitonderwa cyane. Urugero, mu Rwanda, inka n'imiganda bifite ubusobanuro bukomeye mu muco, kandi amazina yabyo ashobora gukoreshwa mu nteruro mu buryo bw'ikigereranyo. Muri Masedoniya, imico n'imyizerere biratandukanye, bityo rero umuhinduzi ugomba gusobanura icyo gitekerezo cyangwa se agashaka ijambo ry'Ikinyamasedoniya ryerekana icyubahiro n'agaciro bihuye na byo muri uwo muco. Ibi bikorwa binyuze mu buryo bw'ubuhinduzi bw'umuco (cultural transcreation) aho inyandiko ihindurwa kugira ngo ihuze n'umuco w'abasomyi bashya batumva umuco w'inkomoko.
Inama Zifatika z'Inzobere mu Buhinduzi bw'izi Ndimi
Kugira ngo ugere ku buhinduzi bwiza kandi bw'umwanda mugafi hagati y'izi ndimi zombi, dore zimwe mu nama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo z'inzobere: Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo itaziguye ihuriweho hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikinyamasedoniya, umuhinduzi ashobora kwifashisha indimi z'abahuza nka Cyongereza cyangwa Gifaransa kugira ngo arebe ibisobanuro nyabyo by'amagambo agoye.
- Iga umuco wa Masedoniya y'Amajyaruguru: Kumva neza amateka, imiryango, n'imico y'abaturage bavuga Ikinyamasedoniya bifasha mu guhitamo amagambo akwiye n'ajyanye n'igihe.
- Soma cyane inyandiko zanditse mu Kinyamasedoniya: Ibi bifasha mu kumenya imyandikire nyayo y'interuro n'uburyo abanyamasedoniya bakoresha amagambo mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
- Kora isuzuma ry'inyandiko uhereye ku muvugaburimunsi: Nyuma yo guhindura inyandiko, ni ingenzi ko isuzumwa n'umuntu uvuga Ikinyamasedoniya nk'ururimi rwe rwa mbere (native speaker) kugira ngo harebwe niba inyandiko yumvikana neza kandi ifite umudiho uboneye.
- Koresha ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga mu buhinduzi (CAT Tools): Ndetse n'ibikoresho nka Trados cyangwa memoQ bishobora gufasha mu gukurikirana amagambo ahindurwa kenshi (terminology management) kugira ngo inyandiko igire ubumwe (consistency).
Umwanzuro n'Inshingano z'Umuhinduzi
Guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda kujya mu Kinyamasedoniya ntabwo ari uguhindura amagambo gusa, ahubwo ni ukwambutsa imiryango y'ibitekerezo hagati ya Afurika yo Kati n'akarere ka Balkan muri Burayi. Ndetse n'igihe umuhinduzi ahuye n'amagambo adafite ibisobanuro bitaziguye, inshingano ye ni ugukoresha ubuhanga bwe bwo gusobanura n'amatsinda y'amagambo (paraphrasing) kugira ngo ubutumwa nyamukuru butagwa mu kantu. Ku bw'ibyo, ubu buhinduzi buhagarariye intambwe ikomeye mu guteza imbere imikoranire n'ubwumvikane hagati y'abaturage b'indimi zombi, kandi ibi birasaba ubwitange, kwihangana, n'ubushakashatsi buhoraho ku ruhande rw'umuhinduzi.