Te Maramatanga ki ngā Inenga Ao: Te Reo Māori me te Reo Tieke
Ko te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Tieke (Czech) he haerenga i waenga i ngā ao e rua e tino rerekē ana. Ko te reo Māori, he reo taketake nō te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa (Austronesian), e aro nui ana ki te taha wairua, ki te whakawhanaungatanga, me te hononga ki te whenua. I tērā taha, ko te reo Tieke he reo Slavic (Indo-European) e whai ana i tētahi hanganga wetewete reo tino uaua, e kī ana i ngā piko kupu (inflection), i ngā hekenga ingoa (declension), me ngā momo wetewete rerekē mō te ira (gender). Mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo, he nui ngā wero kei mua i te aroaro, ehara i te mea ko te rapu noa i ngā kupu rite, engari ko te whakaputa i te wairua me te hōhonutanga o te kōrero ki roto i tētahi pūnaha reo hou.
Hei whakatutuki i tētahi whakawhiti reo whai kounga, me mātua mārama te kaiwhakawhiti ki te horopaki ahurea o ia reo. Ehara te reo Tieke i te reo e whakaaetia ana te whakawhiti kupu-ki-te-kupu. He pūnaha wetewete tōna e tūhonohono ana i te āhua o te rerenga kōrero mā te huri i ngā hiku o ngā kupu. Nā reira, ki te kore te kaiwhakawhiti e mohio ki ēnei ture, ka ngaro te whaihua o te karere a te reo Māori. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka aro nui tātou ki ngā āhuatanga matua o te wetewete reo, ngā wero o te localization ahurea, me ngā tohutohu whaihua mō te mahi whakawhiti reo i waenga i ēnei reo e rua.
Ngā Rerekētanga Wetewete Reo me te Hanga Rerenga Kōrero
Ko tētahi o ngā wero nui rawa atu i te whakawhiti reo Māori ki te reo Tieke ko te hanganga o te rerenga kōrero. I roto i te reo Māori, he tino rerekē te hanganga pūnaha o te rerenga (VSO - Verb-Subject-Object te nuinga o te wā). Hei tauira, ka tīmata te rerenga kōrero ki te tūmahi, ka whai mai ko te tūpoutahi, te tūingoa rānei. Ko te reo Māori hoki he reo tātari (analytical language), e whakamahi ana i ngā rārangi kupu awhina me ngā pūmua (particles) pēnei i te "ko", "e", "i", "ki", me te "he" hei whakaatu i te hononga o ngā kupu.
He rerekē rawa te reo Tieke. He reo whakakao (inflected language) te reo Tieke. Ahakoa he SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) te nuinga o te wā, he tino wātea te raupapa o ngā kupu i roto i te rerenga kōrero (free word order) nā te mea kei ngā hiku o ngā kupu te tohu o tō rātou mahi (he tūpoutahi, he tūhono, he mea mahi rānei). Kei te reo Tieke ngā tūnga ingoa e whitu (seven cases): nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, locative, me te instrumental. Ina whakawhitia he ingoa Māori ki te reo Tieke, me whakatau mehemea ka whakarerekētia te hiku o te ingoa Māori kia rite ki te ture o te reo Tieke, mehemea rānei ka waiho tonu pērā me te tāpiri i tētahi tūingoa awhina (pēnei i te "maorský" - Māori) hei whakaatu i te tūnga o te kupu.
Hei tauira, mehemea ka kiia "Kei te haere ahau ki Aotearoa", ka whakawhitia ki te reo Tieke hei "Jedu na Nový Zéland" (e whakamahi ana i te tūnga locative/accusative mō te upoko "Nový Zéland"). Ki te whakamahia te ingoa taketake "Aotearoa", ka pēnei pea te ki: "Jedu na Aotearou" (mā te tāpiri i te hiku "-ou" hei whakaatu i te tūnga instrumental/locative) rānei, ko te mea e taunakitia ana mō te localization manaaki, ko te kī "Jedu do Aotearoy" (o te tūnga genitive) rānei "Jedu do země Aotearoa" (e pupuri ana i te kupu taketake me te tāpiri i te kupu "země" - whenua, hei whakaora i te wetewete reo Tieke).
Te Whakawhiti i ngā Tikanga: Matapono me te Localization
Ko te reo te waka o te ahurea, ā, he nui ngā kupu Māori kāore he ōrite tika i roto i te reo Tieke, i roto rānei i tētahi atu reo Pākehā. Ko ngā kupu pēnei i te "mana", "tapu", "kaitiakitanga", "whakapapa", me te "mauri" e mau ana i ngā ariā hōhonu kāore e taea te whakawhiti ki te kupu kotahi. Mehemea ka whakamahia he kupu Tieke noa pēnei i te "respekt" (mō te mana), "posvátný" (mō te tapu), rānei "ochrana" (mō te kaitiakitanga), ka ngaro te taha wairua me te horopaki Māori taketake.
I roto i ngā mahi localization ngaio, e toru ngā ara matua hei whai mā te kaiwhakawhiti reo:
- Te Papatono Kupu Taketake (Transliteration/Retention): Ko te pupuri i te kupu Māori taketake (pēnei i te "mana") i roto i te tuhinga Tieke, me te tāpiri i tētahi whakamārama poto, tētahi tuhipoka rānei i te tīmatanga. Hei tauira: "mana (duchovní síla a autorita)". He huarahi pai tēnei hei whakaatu i te whakaute ki te reo me te ahurea Māori.
- Te Whakamārama Āhua (Descriptive Translation): Ko te whakamahi i tētahi rārangi kupu Tieke hei whakamārama i te uara o te ariā Māori. Hei tauira, mō te "kaitiakitanga", ka taea te kī "tradiční maorský koncept ochrany přírody a dědictví" (te ariā Māori taketake mō te tiaki i te taiao me ngā taonga tuku iho).
- Te Whakawhiti Whakawhitinga (Cultural Equivalence): Ko te rapu i tētahi ariā i roto i te ahurea Tieke, ahakoa he rerekē te takenga. Heoi, me tino tupato ki tēnei ara, nā te mea ka ahatia ka heke te mana o te kōrero taketake, ka pohehe rānei te kaipānui Tieke.
Te Ira me te Tūmahi: Ngā Wero o te Reo Tieke
Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga nui ko te ira (grammatical gender). Kāore he ira wetewete i roto i te reo Māori. Kāore he take mehemea he wahine, he tane, he mea ora, he mea mate rānei te tūingoa ina whakamahia ngā kupu awhina. Heoi, i roto i te reo Tieke, he ira tō ngā ingoa katoa: te tane (masculine), te wahine (feminine), me te kupura kore (neuter). Engari kāore e mutu i reira; ka whakarerekētia te āhua o ngā kupu āhua (adjectives) me ngā tūmahi (verbs) i te wā o mua (past tense) kia rite ki te ira o te tūingoa.
Hei tauira, ki te kī te tangata Māori: "I haere ahau," kāore te reo e whakaatu mehemea he tane, he wahine rānei te tangata e kōrero ana. Ki te whakawhitia tēnei ki te reo Tieke, me whiriwhiri te kaiwhakawhiti: "Šel jsem" (mehemea he tane te kaiwhakawhiti) rānei "Šla jsem" (mehemea he wahine). Ina whakawhitia he tekana whānui, he tuhinga rānei kāore i te mohiotia te ira o te kaiwhakatakoto, ka tūpono he wero nui. Me rapu te kaiwhakawhiti i ngā rereketanga kupu e pai ana mō ngā ira katoa, me whiriwhiri rānei i te ira tane hei tohu whānui (neutral default), ahakoa kāore tēnei i te tino tautokona e ngā tikanga localization hou e whai ana i te tauritenga ira.
Waihoki, he pūnaha motuhake tō te reo Tieke mō te tūmahi e kīia ana ko te "verbal aspect" (ngā tūmahi e whakaoti ana i te mahi - perfective, me ngā tūmahi e haere tonu ana - imperfective). Ko te reo Māori hoki he pūnaha āhua (aspectual system) pēnei i te "kei te" (haere tonu) me te "kua" (kua oti). Ahakoa he rite tēnei ahua, kāore i te rite te whakamahinga o ngā tūmahi motuhake. Me tino tupato te kaiwhakawhiti ki te whiriwhiri i te tūmahi Tieke tika kia kore ai e rerekē te wā me te āhua o te mahi.
Tohutohu Matua mō te Kaiwhakawhiti Reo
Mō te hunga katoa e mahi ana i tēnei taha o te whakawhiti reo, mā konei e whakatakoto ētahi tohutohu whaihua hei āwhina i te kounga o te mahi:
- Arotahi ki te Horopaki: Kaua rawa e whakawhiti kupu-ki-te-kupu. Me pānui te katoa o te whakahau, te kōrero rānei, kātahi ka tātari i te tino tikanga i mua i te whakawhiti ki te reo Tieke.
- Pupuri i te Wairua o te Reo Māori: Ina he kupu motuhake nō te ao Māori, me pupuri tonu te kupu taketake i roto i te tuhinga Tieke (e tohuhia ana ki te matā) me te tāpiri whakamārama i roto i ngā taiapa, i te papakupu rānei i te mutunga.
- Raupaparorohiko me ngā Taputapu CAT: Ina whakamahi i ngā taputapu Translation Memory (TM), me whakarite he papakupu ariā (glossary) e manaaki ana i ngā kupu Māori taketake kia kore ai te miihini e whakaaro he hapa wetewete reo.
- Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero ki ngā Mātanga: He pai the mahi tahi me tētahi tangata nō Tieke e mārama ana ki te ahurea Māori, me tētahi mātanga reo Māori hoki hei whakarite kia tika te whakaputanga o ngā ariā hōhonu.
Ko te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Tieke he huarahi e hono ai ngā iwi e rua i runga i te whakaute me te māramatanga. Ma te aro nui ki ngā taipitopito o te wetewete reo me te horopaki ahurea, ka taea te hanga i tētahi tuhinga e kōrero ana ki te ngākau o te kaipānui Tieke me te pupuri tonu i te mana o te reo rangatira o te Māori.