Kushandura mitauro pakati pechiShona nechiSotho (chinozivikanwawo seSesotho kana kuti chiSutu) chinhu chinoda hunyanzvi hwakadzama hwezvemutauro netsika. Kunyange zvazvo mitauro miviri iyi iri mitauro yeBantu inogoverana midzi nemaitiro akawanda akafanana, inobva kumatunhu akasiyana uye ine misiyano mikuru pane zvegirama, manyorerwo emashoko, uye kutaura kwevanhu. Kuti shanduro ibve yakarongeka uye inzwisisike nevanhu veko, mushanduri anofanira kunzwisisa mitambo nemagariro emitauro iyi zvakadzama. Gwaro rino rakagadzirirwa vashanduri vanoda kuita basa remhando yepamusoro rekusimudzira mitauro yedu, richiongorora zvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana-siyana, marongerwo emutauro, uye mazano anoshanda ekugadzira shanduro inobudirira.
Ukama Hwemitauro yeBantu: Mavambo eChiShona neSesotho
ChiShona nechiSotho yese iri miviri mitauro yeBantu, inova chikamu chemhuri yemitauro yeNiger-Congo. Nokuda kweizvi, ine midzi yakafanana pamashoko akawanda (mazwi ane midzi yakafanana kubva kumashure) uye marongerwo amapoka emazita. Zvisinei, chiShona chinowanikwa muboka reS10 (Boka rechiShona) ukuwo chiSotho chichiwira pasi peboka reS30 (Boka reSotho neTswana). Kufamba nenguva kwakaita kuti mitauro iyi ikure zvakasiyana nekuda kwekugara kure kwevanhu nepesvedzero yemitauro inogara pedyo navo. Panoitwa shanduro yechiShona kuenda kuchiSotho, kureruka kunogona kuonekwa pakuti zvivakwa zvedonzvo nemipanda yemitauro zvine mutsara unofanana, asi chipingamupinyi chikuru chinouya pakusarudza mashoko akakodzera nemanyorerwo akasiyana emazwi.
Musiyano Mukuru: Maitiro ekubatanidza neKuparadzanisa Mazwi
Imwe yenjodzi huru inosangana nevashanduri vakajaira chiShona pakushandurira kuchiSotho inyaya yemanyorerwo emazwi. Mutauro wechiShona unotevera chirongwa chekubatanidza mazwi (conjunctive orthography). Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvisungo zvematauriro, zviratidzi zvenguva, nemapoka emazita zvinobatanidzwa pamwe chete nechiito kuti zviumbe shoko rimwe chete rakareba. Semuyenzaniso, shoko rekuti "ndichakutendai" muchiShona shoko rimwe chete rakareba rine zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira mutauri, nguva yemberi, munhu ari kutendwa, nechiito chekutenda pachacho.
Kune rimwe divi, chiSotho (Sesotho) chinoshandisa nzira yekuparadzanisa mazwi (disjunctive orthography). Panzira iyi, zvisungo zvemugari, zvimedu zvenguva, uye zviito zvinonyorwa semashoko akazvimirira oga akasiyana. Chirevo chechiShona chatataura pamusoro chikasundurirwa muchiSotho chekuSouth Africa, chinonyorwa se: "Ke tla le leboha". Pano tinoona kuti "ke" (ini), "tla" (chiratidzi chenguva yemberi), "le" (imi), uye "leboha" (kutenda) zvakanyorwa zvakaparadzana zvachose semazwi mana akazvimirira. Mushanduri asina ruzivo rwakadzama rwechiSotho anogona kuita chikanganiso chikuru chekubatanidza mashoko aya pakunyora nekuda kwepesvedzero yechiShona, izvo zvinoita kuti shanduro yacho ive isina kurongeka uye izere nezvikanganiso zvegirama zvisingagamuchirwi nevaverengi veko.
Mipanda yeMazita neKubvumirana mune zveGirama
Sezvo mitauro iyi iri yechiBantu, kushandiswa kwemipanda yemazita (noun classes) ndiko kunoona kurongeka kwemitsara nekubvumirana kwemazwi (concordial agreement). ChiShona chine mipanda inosvika makumi maviri nemaviri, nepo chiSotho chiine mipanda inosvika gumi nemasere. Misiyano pakati pemipanda iyi inofanira kucherechedzwa zvikuru nemushanduri kuitira kudzivirira kuvhiringika. Semuyenzaniso, zvivakashure (prefixes) zvinoshandiswa mukuronga mazita zvakasiyana zvachose:
- Mupanda wemiti kana zvinhu zvakasikwa muchiShona unoshandisa chivakashure "mu-" (muenzaniso: muti) uye muzvizhinji unoshandisa "mi-" (muenzaniso: miti).
- MuchiSotho, mupanda uyu unoshandisa chivakashure "se-" (muenzaniso: sefate) uye muzvizhinji unoshandisa "dih-" kana kuti "di-" (muenzaniso: difate).
Ukama hwemipanda yemazita nemataurirwo azvo hunoda unyanzvi hwekuziva kuti izwi rega rega rinoenderana nechivakashure chipi. Kana mushanduri akatadza kunzwisisa madanidziro anohta mipanda iyi nezvisungo zvayo, chirevo chake hachizove nemutinhimira wakanaka uye chinogona kutadza kunzwisisika zvachose. Kushandura kwakanaka kunoda kuti uone mapoka emazita echiShona woatsiva nemapoka echiSotho anoenderana nawo kuitira kuchengetedza kururama kwechirevo.
Tsumo, Dimikira, uye Kududzirwa kweTsika neMagariro
Chinhu chinokosha kwazvo pakushandura mitauro yeBantu kudzivirira kushandura shoko neshoko (literal translation), kunyanya pakubata nemadimikira netsumo dzevanhu. Tsumo dzechiShona zhinji dzinobva munhoroondo, mukugarisana kwevanhu, nemaitiro ekuZimbabwe. Saizvozvowo, tsumo dzechiSotho dzinobva pane tsika dzevanhu veBasotho, zvisikwa zvemumatunhu avo, nekufamba kweupenyu hwavo munhoroondo yematunhu eChamhembe kweAfrika.
Semuyenzaniso, tsumo yechiShona inoti: "Mwana asingachemi anofira mumbereko" ine pfungwa yekuti munhu anofanira kutaura zviri kumunetsa kuti abatsirwe. Kana ukaishandura shoko neshoko kuenda muchiSotho, mutauri wechiSotho haakwanisi kubata pfungwa yacho zviri nyore nekuti havana tsumo yakarongwa saizvozvo mupfungwa dzavo. Panzvimbo pacho, mushanduri ane unyanzvi anofanira kuishandura achishandisa tsumo yechiSotho yakananga inoenderana nayo seyekuti: "Phiri e tsela e tšehla ka ho bokolla" kana kuti kutsanangura pfungwa yacho nenzira inoremekedza tsika netsanangudzo yechirevo chechiSotho (cultural transcreation).
Mazano Akakosha eKushandura ChiShona kuenda kuSesotho
Kugadzira shanduro yemhando yepamusoro uye inofadza vaverengi kunoda kutevedzera nzira dzakarongeka uye dzakachenjera. Heano mazano anokosha achakubatsira pachirongwa ichi:
- Ziva Musiyano weManyorerwo eSesotho pakati peLesotho neSouth Africa: Pane manyorerwo akasiyana echiSotho zvichienderana nenyika yauri kushandurira. Semuyenzaniso, muLesotho vanoshandisa zviperengo zvinosanganisira mamwe mazwi asina kufanana neanoshandiswa muSouth Africa. Iva nechokwadi chekuziva kuti vaverengi vako vari kupi usati watanga kushandura.
- Dzidza Mashandisirwo eTense nemaitiro echiSotho: Madimikira enguva (tenses) muchiSotho anokwanisa kuomesa musoro kana ukaenzanisa nechiShona nekuda kwekutevedzera zvakaoma pamusoro pekuita chinhu izvozvi kana zvakaitika kare. Nguva dzose tarisa kuti chiito chiri kuratidza zvakarurama nguva chaiyo.
- Gadzira Duramazwi rePachivande (Terminology Database): Paunenge uchishanda nemagwaro akareba, chengeta gwaro remazwi akaoma kana magwaro ehunyanzvi kuitira kuti uve nemanyorerwo akafanana kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupedzisira kwemagwaro ako.
- Batanidza Vagari Vemo mune rekuProofread: Mutauro wechiSotho unozivikanwa nemutinhimira wakanaka uye kunyora kwaro kunoda kunzwika seyakanyorwa nemuSotho chaiye. Bvumira muSotho anoziva mitauro yese kuti averenge basa rako rekupedzisira kuitira kugadzirisa nzvimbo dzinonzwika senge dzakashandurwa nemuchina kana kuti isiri mutauro wevanhu veko.
Kushandiswa kweMaturusi eMutauro neKudzivirira Zvikanganiso
Mazuva ano, maturusi eTranslation Memory uye eMachine Translation (MT) anowanzo shandiswa nevashanduri vakawanda kuitira kukurumidza basa. Zvisinei, muchiShona nechiSotho, maturusi aya achiri kumashure uye haakwanisi kubata nuances dzedimikira nekururama kwegirama zvakadzama. Kutsamira pamaturusi aya pasina kuongorora kwemunhu kunogona kuunza shanduro isina unhu uye izere nezvikanganiso zvinonyadzisa zviri nyore kunzvenga.
Maitiro ekuongorora unhu hweshanduro (Quality Assurance) anofanira kuva akasimba kwazvo. Mushanduri anofanira kutarisa kuti mazwi ese ari muchiSotho haasi kutevedzera chimiro cheGirama yechiShona. Zvakare, kuongororwa kwemitsara rimwe nerimwe kuchabatsira kuona kuti zvisungo zvemupanda wemazita zvinowirirana zvizere nezviito zvakashandiswa. Kushanda nesimba padanho iri kunovimbisa kuti mashoko ako anozosvika kuvaverengi ari muchimiro chemhando yepamusoro uye chinotenderwa nevaverengi mumatunhu ose.