Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ujya mu Gindonesiya (Bahasa Indonesia) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'imiterere y'izi ndimi zombi, ndetse n'ingero z'imico y'ibihugu zikoreshamo. N'ubwo izi ndimi zombi zishobora kugaragara nka zimwe mu zikoresha uburyo bwo komatanya amagambo (agglutinative elements), zikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi za Bantu (Niger-Congo), mu gihe Icyindonesiya gikomoka mu muryango w'indimi za Ositironesiya (Austronesian). Iri tandukaniro ry'inkomoko rituma habaho inyigo yihariye ku mikoreshereze y'amagambo, ibi bikaba ari byo bituma umuhinduzi wese agomba kumenya amayeri n'inzira z'ingenzi zikoreshwa mu kubungabunga ubusobanuro bw'umwimerere bw'inyandiko.
Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Indimi: Ikinyarwanda n'Icyindonesiya
Kugira ngo uhindure neza kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gindonesiya, ugomba kubanza gusobanukirwa n'imiterere y'interuro n'amagambo muri izi ndimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda kirangwa n'ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes/ngero) bigera kuri 16, aho buri zina riba riri mu cyiciro runaka gifite icyereko cyaryo kibanziriza izina n'inshinga (prefixes and concords). Iki ni cyo kigena imenyekanisha ry'icyubahiro, ubumwe cyangwa ubwinshi, ndetse n'ibindi bice by'interuro. Mu Gindonesiya, nta byiciro by'amazina nk'ibyo bibaho. Amazina y'Icyindonesiya ntagira ibyiciro hashingiwe ku gitsina cyangwa ku bintu bitagira ubuzima, kandi nta buryo bwo guhindura inyito y'izina hashingiwe ku bwinshi binyuze mu twayo tw'imbere (inflections), usibye gusa gusubiramo izina (reduplication, nk'ugira "anak" - umwana, "anak-anak" - abana) cyangwa gukoresha amagambo yerekana ubwinshi nka "para" cyangwa "banyak".
Muri rusange, izi ndimi zombi zikoresha imiterere y'interuro y'Umutetsi-Inshinga-Ugerwaho (Subject-Verb-Object - SVO). Ariko rero, icyiciro cy'inshinga mu Kinyarwanda kiragoye cyane kuko inshinga imwe ishobora kubamo ubusobanuro bw'interuro yose kubera uturemajambo tw'umwero, igihe, n'icyereko. Mu Gindonesiya, inshinga ntizihinduka bitewe n'igihe (tense), ahubwo igihe cy'igikorwa kigaragazwa n'amagambo yunganira inshinga (temporal markers) nka "sudah" (byarangiye), "sedang" (birimo kuba), cyangwa "akan" (bizaba). Ibi bishaka kuvuga ko umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda cyane igihe akura inshinga y'Ikinyarwanda ifite ibihe byinshi n'insigamashusho akayishyira mu Gindonesiya, agahitamo amagambo akwiriye yerekana igihe cy'igikorwa batabikoze binyuze mu guhindura inshinga ubwayo.
Uburyo bwo Gukoresha Uduce Tw'Amagambo (Affixes) mu Ndimi Zombi
Haba mu Kinyarwanda ndetse no mu Gindonesiya, uduce tw'amagambo tugira uruhare runini mu kurema amagambo mashya n'ubusobanuro bwihariye. Mu Kinyarwanda, dukoresha uduce tw'ibanze (prefixes), utwo hagati (infixes), ndetse n'udusozera (suffixes) kugira ngo tugaragaze icyereko, uburyo, n'inyito. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Icyindonesiya gikoresha cyane sisitemu y'imigereka (imbere: prefixes nka me-, di-, ter-, ke-; inyuma: suffixes nka -kan, -i, -an; ndetse n'ibizunguruka: circumfixes nka ke-an, pe-an). Urugero, inshinga "tulis" (kwandika) ishobora guhinduka "menulis" (arimo kwandika), "ditulis" (byanditswe), cyangwa "penulis" (umwanditsi).
Umuhinduzi asabwa kumenya neza guhuza uduce tw'inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda n'imigereka y'Icyindonesiya. Niba inyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda ikoresha inshinga y'imperekeza (applicative form, nk'ugira "kumwandikira"), mu Gindonesiya hazakoreshwa umugereka "-kan" (menuliskan) cyangwa "-i" bitewe n'imiterere y'interuro. Ibi bivuze ko guhindura bitagenda nk'aho urimo guhuza ijambo ku rindi, ahubwo bisaba gusesengura uduce tw'ijambo n'uruhare rwabyo mu nteruro yose.
Urwego rw'Icyubahiro n'Imibanire y'Abantu (Social Registers and Politeness)
Kimwe mu bintu bikomeye bikunze kugora abahinduzi ni ukubungabunga urwego rw'icyubahiro n'imibanire ikoreshwa mu muco w'abasomyi. Mu Kinyarwanda, gukoresha ubwinshi bw'icyubahiro (nk'ugira "namwe", "muri heza") cyangwa inshinga zihariye z'icyubahiro (nk'ugira "gutsinda" aho kuba "kurya" ku mwami cyangwa umuyobozi) ni iby'ingenzi cyane. Mu Gindonesiya na bo bafite uburyo bukomeye bwo kugaragaza icyubahiro binyuze mu magambo y'insimburazina (pronouns). Urugero, ijambo "wowe" rishobora guhindurwamo "kamu" (ku nshuti cyangwa umwana), "Anda" (mu buryo bw'akazi n'icyubahiro kiringaniye), cyangwa hagakoreshwa inyito z'icyubahiro nka "Bapak" (kuri mugabo urengeje imyaka cyangwa umuyobozi) na "Ibu" (kuri mugore).
Niba urimo guhindura inyandiko y'akazi cyangwa iy'amategeko ivuye mu Kinyarwanda, ugomba guhitamo neza insimburazina z'Icyindonesiya zihuye neza n'urwego rw'icyubahiro rwari mu nyandiko y'umwimerere. Gukoresha "kamu" mu mwanya wa "Anda" mu nyandiko y'ubucuruzi bishobora gufatwa nko kutiyubaha cyangwa gusuzugura abasomyi bo muri Indonesiya, ibi bikaba byakwangiza intego y'inyandiko.
Imikoreshereze y'Amagambo y'Umuco n'Imigani (Cultural Idioms and Transcreation)
Amagambo menshi y'Ikinyarwanda afite inkomoko n'isano ya hafi n'ubworozi bw'inka, ubuhinzi, n'amateka y'u Rwanda. Ingero nk'imigani igira iti "Nta nka yambaye ikirezi" cyangwa amagambo nka "guca amateka", "kuraguza", n'ibindi, ntibishobora guhindurwa mu Gindonesiya hakoreshejwe uburyo bw'ijambo ku rindi (literal translation). Mu Gindonesiya na ho habaho imigani ifite inkomoko mu muco wabo w'ibirwa, uburobyi, n'ubuhinzi bw'umuceri. Urugero, umugani w'Icyindonesiya ugira uti "Ada udang di balik batu" (hari ishurika inyuma y'ibuye) usobanura ko hari ikintu gihishwe inyuma y'ibikorwa runaka, ushobora guhuzwa n'imigani y'Ikinyarwanda ifite icyo gisobanuro mu buryo bw'umwimerere.
Imvugo z'ikigereranyo n'imigani biba bikubiyemo ubwenge n'amateka y'abaturage. Mu Kinyarwanda, imvugo nka "guca mu ryhumye" (kurangaza umuntu) cyangwa "kugabira inka" (ugaragaza gushimira cyangwa ubucuti bukomeye) ntizishobora guhindurwa nk'uko zakabaye mu Gindonesiya. Urugero, guhindura "kugabira inka" mu buryo bwa "memberikan sapi" bishobora kumvikana mu buryo bufatika cyane muri Indonesiya (ko umuhaye inka y'itungo), ariko bikabura uwo mwuka w'ubucuti bukomeye cyangwa imibanire iri mu Kinyarwanda. Mu Gindonesiya, imvugo ihuje n'ibi ishobora kuba "menjalin tali persaudaraan" (kurema umugozi w'ubuvandimwe) cyangwa gukoresha amagambo agaragaza ibyo guhana impano z'agaciro mu muco wabo nka "gotong royong" (ubufatanye bw'abaturage) mu bindi bihe. Ni muri urwo rwego, umuhinduzi agomba gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku muco w'Aba-Indonesiya, akaba azi neza imigenzo yabo, imyizerere yabo, ndetse n'amateka yabo kugira ngo abashe kubona imvugo zikwiriye zishobora kurema icyumviro kimwe n'icyo inyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda yashakaga gutanga.
Ikoreshwa ry'Ikoranabuhanga n'Imashini mu Buhinduzi
Muri iki gihe cy'ikoranabuhanga, software zihindura ndimi (machine translation) nka Google Translate cyangwa izindi mashini zishingiye ku bwenge bw'artifisiyali (AI) zikoreshwa kenshi. Ariko rero, iyo bigeze ku guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gindonesiya, izi mashini zihura n'imbogamizi zikomeye. Kubera ko izi ndimi zombi zifatwa nk'izitandukanye cyane kandi zidafite amakuru menshi ahuriweho ku mbuga za interineti (low-resource language pair), guhindura ukoresheje imashini bitanga umusaruro urimo amakosa menshi y'ikibonezamvugo n'ubusobanuro butari bwo.
Mashini zikunze kwitiranya uturemajambo tw'Ikinyarwanda, bigatuma inshinga zihinduka mu buryo butumvikana. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, imashini zishobora kugaragaza amagambo y'Icyindonesiya mu buryo butajyanye n'umuvundo w'interuro. Inzira nziza yo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga muri ubu buhinduzi ni ugukoresha imashini nka mboneza-buhinduzi (pre-translation tool), hanyuma umuhinduzi w'umuntu (human translator) akayikosora cyane (post-editing), akangurira ubusobanuro kugira ngo buhure neza n'imiterere y'ururimi n'umuco. Umuhinduzi agomba kandi gukoresha uburyo bwo kubika amagambo yagiye ahindurwa (Translation Memories) kugira ngo agumye gukoresha amagambo amwe mu nyandiko zose ahindura, ibi bikaba byongera ubwiza n'umuvuduko w'akazi ke.
Inama Z'Ingenzi z'Ubuprofejinali ku Bahinduzi
- Gusoma no Gusobanukirwa Mbere yo Guhindura: Ntugatangire guhindura interuro utarasoma igika cyose cyangwa inyandiko yose ngo umenye umwuka n'intego biyirimo.
- Gukoresha Inkoranyamagambo Zizewe: Mu gihe nta nkoranyamagambo y'akazuyemo ihuriweho n'Ikinyarwanda n'Icyindonesiya, koresha icyongereza cyangwa igifaransa nk'indimi z'ikiraro (bridge languages), ariko witondere ingaruka z'ubuhinduzi bwa kabiri (double translation errors).
- Kwitonda ku Magambo Ahuriweho Ariko Afite Ubusobanuro Butandukanye: N'ubwo izi ndimi zombi zifite inkomoko zitandukanye, hari amagambo amwe ashobora kumvikana kimwe ariko afite ubusobanuro butandukanye cyane mu ndimi zombi (false friends), cyangwa amagambo y'ikoranabuhanga n'amahanga yinjijwe mu buryo butandukanye.
- Gukora Isubiramo ry'Inyandiko (Proofreading): Buri gihe hitabazwe undi muntu ufite ururimi rw'Icyindonesiya nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko (native speaker) ngo asuzume niba inyandiko yashyizwe mu Gindonesiya yumvikana neza kandi ifite umwimerere w'urwo rurimi.