Itangiriro n'Ishusho Rusange y'Indimi Zombi
Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda uziyerekera mu rurimi rw'Icyigbo (Igbo) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi ndetse n'umuco wazo. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'Abantu rukoreshwa cyane muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, cyane cyane mu Rwanda. Ku rundi ruhande, Icyigbo ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi za Volta-Niger, rukoreshwa n'abantu babarirwa muri miliyoni zirenga mirongo ine mu majyepfo n'iburasirazuba bwa Nijeriya. Kubera ko izi ndimi zombi zituruka mu miryango itandukanye y'indimi muri Afurika, hariho itandukaniro rikomeye mu buryo interuro zikurikirana, uko inshinga zikonjugirwa, ndetse n'uko amagambo ahuzwa n'umuco. Iyi nyandiko ikubiyemo inama n'amabwiriza ngenderwaho yafasha abahinduzi b'indimi kubungabunga ubutumwa bwo mu Kinyarwanda bagerageza kubushyira mu Cyigbo nta kintu na kimwe gihindutse mu busobanuro bw'umwimerere.
Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Izina n'Inshinga
Ikinyarwanda n'Icyigbo bifite imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo itandukanye cyane. Bimwe mu byo umuhinduzi agomba kwitaho harimo:
- Ibyiciro by'amazina (Noun Classes): Ikinyarwanda gifite ibyiciro by'amazina bitandukanye (ngero: inteko z'amazina kuva ku ya mbere kugeza ku ya cumi n'esheshatu). Buri jambo ryose rikoreshwa mu nteruro rihugura cyangwa riyoborwa n'inteko y'izina ry'indangahantu cyangwa ry'igikoresho. Mu Cyigbo, uyu mushanga w'inteko ntabwo ubaho mu buryo bukomeye nk'uko bimeze mu Kinyarwanda. Ahubwo, Icyigbo gikoresha ibyigenga by'ijambo n'imiterere isanzwe yo kubaka interuro ifite umutwe, inshinga n'intego (Subject-Verb-Object). Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba kureka imiterere y'inteko z'amazina yo mu Kinyarwanda akubaka interuro nshya ishingiye ku mategeko y'imyubakire y'interuro mu Cyigbo.
- Ikonjugirwa ry'Inshinga (Verb Conjugation): Inshinga zo mu Kinyarwanda zifite imiterere ikomeye aho inyangingo z'ibihe, inyangingo z'utugambo twerekana uburyo gikorwa, n'izereka uburyo icyerekezo giteye bikomatanyirizwa hamwe mu jambo rimwe (agglutination). Urugero, ijambo "tuzabibabwira" rikumiramo ubusobanuro bwinshi. Mu Cyigbo, nubwo hari utugambo twunganira inshinga (auxiliary verbs) ndetse n'udusanduku tw'inyangingo, inshinga zifite imiterere yoroshye kurushaho, aho ibisobanuro byunguka bikoreshwa hakoreshejwe amagambo atandukanye cyangwa inyangingo z'inyongera zikurikirana.
Ikibazo cy'Amajwi n'Ibihekane (Tonal Aspects)
Ikinyarwanda n'Icyigbo ni indimi zishingiye ku majwi y'indirimbo (tonal languages). Mu Kinyarwanda, amajwi ashobora guhindura ubusobanuro bw'ijambo cyangwa n'igihe inshinga irimo (urugero, amajwi atandukanya ibihe by'inshinga). Mu Cyigbo, uruhare rw'amajwi rugaragara cyane kurushaho mu myandikire n'imyvugire. Icyigbo gikoresha amajwi atatu y'ibanze: ijwi ryo hejuru (high tone), ijwi ryo hasi (low tone), n'ijwi ryo hagati (downstep). Ibimenyetso by'amajwi bifite uruhare rukomeye kuko iyo byibagiranye cyangwa bikandikwa nabi, ijambo rimwe rishobora guhindura ubusobanuro burundu. Urugero, amagambo akurikira yandikwa kimwe ariko afite amajwi n'ubusobanuro bitandukanye:
- ákwà: ryerekana umwenda wo kwambara.
- àkwá: ryerekana igi.
- àkwà: rikerekana uburiri cyangwa kurira.
Ku muhinduzi, ibi bisaba kwitonda cyane no gusoma inyandiko yose kugira ngo asobanukirwe imvugo yose (context) mbere yo guhitamo ubusobanuro bukwiye mu Kinyarwanda cyangwa mu Cyigbo, cyane ko kubura kw'ikimenyetso cy'ijwi (tone marks) bishobora gutuma interuro isobanuka mu buryo buhabanye n'ubwo umwanditsi yashakaga.
Inzira yo Guhindura Inyandiko mu Buryo bw'Inzobere
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe kugera ku musaruro mwiza, agomba gukurikiza ibyiciro bikurikira:
- Gusesengura Inyandiko y'Umwimerere (Kinyarwanda): Mbere yo gutangira guhindura ijambo ku rindi, umuhinduzi agomba gusoma inyandiko yose y'Ikinyarwanda, akayisobanukirwa neza, agashaka intego y'umwanditsi, umubare w'abamuteze amatwi, n'uburyo bwanditsemo (tone and style).
- Gushaka Ibisobanuro bihuye mu Cyigbo: Iki cyiciro kirimo gushaka amagambo n'imvugo bihuye neza mu Cyigbo. Kubera ko Icyigbo gifite amatsinda y'imvugo n'imigani bishingiye ku muco, umuhinduzi agomba gushaka imvugo ifite agaciro gasa n'ak'inyandiko y'umwimerere aho guhindura ijambo ku rindi (dynamic equivalence vs formal equivalence).
- Kwandika no Guhuza Imiterere y'Interuro (Restructuring): Hano umuhinduzi arema interuro nshya mu Cyigbo zikurikiza amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo y'Icyigbo, akoresheje amagambo n'utumenyetso dukwiye kugira ngo inyandiko isomwe nk'aho yanditswe mu Cyigbo bwa mbere.
- Gukosora no Gusuzuma (Revision and Proofreading): Inyandiko imaze guhindurwa igomba gusuzumwa n'undi muntu uzi neza ururimi rw'Icyigbo kugira ngo arebe niba nta makosa y'imyandikire, amajwi, cyangwa ibura ry'ubusobanuro runaka ririmo.
Umuco n'Imvugo Zikoreshwa (Cultural Localization and Idiomatic Expressions)
Guhindura indimi ntabwo ari ugusimbuza amagambo gusa, ahubwo ni no guhuza imico. Ikinyarwanda n'Icyigbo birimo imvugo nyinshi zishingiye ku muco, imigani, n'imvugo z'ikinyabupfura. Urugero, iyo umuntu asuhuza mu Kinyarwanda akoresha 'Muraho', 'Mwaramutse', cyangwa 'Wiriwe', bikaba bifite ubusobanuro n'ibihe bikoreshwamo. Mu Cyigbo, hari imvugo nk'iyi nka 'Ndị kọ' cyangwa 'Kedu' ifite uburyo ikoreshwa bitewe n'icyubahiro uhaye uwo muvugana.
Mu muco w'Icyigbo, imigani ("ilu") ni ingenzi cyane mu biganiro bya buri munsi ndetse n'inyandiko zikomeye. Umuhinduzi ntakwiye guhindura umugani w'Ikinyarwanda ijambo ku rindi ahubwo agomba gushaka umugani w'Icyigbo uhuye na wo mu busobanuro n'intego. Ibi bituma inyandiko igira imbaraga kandi igakora ku mutima w'umusomyi w'Icyigbo mu buryo bw'umwimerere, mu gihe guhindura ijambo ku rindi byasenya ubusobanuro bw'umwimerere.
Inama z'Inzobere n'Ibikoresho Bifasha Umuhinduzi
Kugira ngo ube umuhinduzi ukomeye kandi utanga umusaruro uhoraho muri uyu muyoboro w'indimi zombi, dore zimwe mu nama ngenderwaho:
- Koresha Inkoranyamagambo zikomeye: Inkoranyamagambo z'Ikinyarwanda n'Icyigbo ziri ku mbuga za interineti ndetse n'izanditse mu bitabo ni ingirakamaro. Koresha inkoranyamagambo zizewe zikubiyemo n'utumenyetso tw'amajwi (tone markers) ku rurimi rw'Icyigbo.
- Itondere Amagambo Ajye yitiranywa (False Friends): Kubera ko izi ndimi zombi zifite inyangingo z'amajwi zisa, hari amagambo ashobora kwandikwa kimwe ariko akaba afite ubusobanuro butandukanye cyane. Buri gihe saba inyandiko y'isuzuma niba ufite gushidikanya.
- Kurikiza amategeko y'imyandikire y'Icyigbo (Onwu Orthography): Amategeko y'imyandikire y'Icyigbo yemewe (Standard Igbo) ni yo agomba gukoreshwa mu nyandiko zose z'umwuga. Ibi birimo no gukoresha inyandiko ya "Onwu" ikoresha inyuguti zifite utudomo hasi (nk'izo muri "ọ", "ụ", "ị") kugira ngo ubusobanuro bugaragare neza.
- Kora isuzuma ku bantu basanzwe bavuga ururimi (Native Speakers): Mbere yo gushyira ahagaragara inyandiko ihinduye, ni byiza kuyishyikiriza inararibonye ivuga ururimi rw'Icyigbo nk'ururimi rw'amavuko kugira ngo yemeze ko ikurikirana ry'amagambo n'imvugo bikoreshwa mu buryo buboneye kandi butaryamira ururimi.
Guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Cyigbo ni ikiraro gihuza imiryango y'abantu batandukanye muri Afurika, bityo bikaba bisaba kwitonda, kwihangana, no guhora wiga kugira ngo ubashe gukora akazi k'umwuga kandi gahora ku rwego rwo hejuru.