Kushandurwa kwemutauro weChishona kuenda muChiUkrainia ibasa rinoda unyanzvi hwakadzama, nekuti mitauro iyi miviri inobva kumhuri dzakasiyana zvachose dzemidzi yemitauro. Chishona mutauro weBantu unowanikwa muAfrica yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, zvikuru muZimbabwe, uine mitemo inoshandisa zvivakashure (prefixes) nezvikamu zvemazita (noun classes). Kune rumwe rutivi, ChiUkrainia mutauro weSlavic unowanikwa kuEurope yekumabvazuva, une mitemo yegirama yakaoma inosanganisira kupatsanurwa kwemazita nehurume nehudzimai (gender), uye kushandura magumo emazwi zvichienderana nebasa rawo mumutsara (cases). Gwaro rino rinotsanangura zvakadzama nzira, matambudziko, uye mazano angabatsira vashanduri kuti vaburitse basa rine mhando yepamusoro uye rinonzwisisika.
Misiyano YeGirama NeMaumbirwo EMitsara
Kuti mushanduri akwanise kuendesa shoko kubva muChishona kuenda muChiUkrainia nemazvo, anofanira kutanga anzwisisa misiyano yakakura iripo pakati pegirama remitauro iyi. Misiyano iyi inobata zvakanyanya zvikamu zvemazita, zviito, uye maumbirwo emitsara.
1. Zvikamu Zvemazita vs. Kesi NeHukadzi (Noun Classes vs. Cases & Gender)
Chishona chine zvikamu zvemazita zvinodarika gumi nezvisere (noun classes), izvo zvinotonga kuti zvirevo, zvipauro, nezviito zvinotevera sei zvivakashure zvemutauri. Muenzaniso: mu-nhu (mu- ari pachikamu chekutanga) anofambirana nechiito chinotanga na'u' (munhu uyu anofamba). MuChiUkrainia, mitemo iyi inoshanduka zvachose. ChiUkrainia hachina zvikamu zvemazita zvakadaro, asi chine mhando nhatu dzehukadzi nehurume: murume (masculine), mukadzi (feminine), uye pakati (neuter). Pamusoro pezvo, pane kesi (cases) nomwe dzinotsanangura mashandire anoita zita mumutsara (sekuti ndiani aita chiito, zita racho raitirwa chii, kana kuti ndeani). Mushanduri anofanira kunyatsoongorora chikamu chezita reChishona oziva kuti rinoshandurwa sei kuenda muChiUkrainia achishandisa hukadzi nekesi chaiyo kuitira kuti mutsara uve nechinangwa chakarurama.
2. Mamiriro Ekuita Kwezviito (Verbal Aspect)
Zviito zveChishona zvinowanzoratidza nguva (tense) nekubatanidzwa kwezvivakashure nemazwi anobatsira (sekuti "ndiri kuverenga", "ndakaverenga", "ndichaverenga"). MuChiUkrainia, zviito zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvikuru zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekuita (aspect): "imperfective" (chiito chiri kuitika kana chinoramba kuitika chisina magumo) uye "perfective" (chiito chakapedzwa kana chine magumo anozivikanwa). Kusarudza chiito chaicho muChiUkrainia kunoda kuti mushanduri anzwisise kana chiito chemuChishona chaiva chenguva pfupi, chisingaperi, kana kuti chakaitwa kamwe chete ndokupedzwa.
Zvipingamupinyi Zvetsika Nemagariro Mukushandura
Girama chete haikwani pakushandura mitauro; tsika nemagariro eavo vanotaura mitauro iyi zvinotora chikamu chikuru. Chishona mutauro wakadzika midzi mutsika nemagariro eAfrika, ukuwo ChiUkrainia chine nhoroondo netsika dzekuEurope.
1. Kushandura Tsumo NeMadimikira (Proverbs and Idioms)
Kushandurwa kwemadimikira netsumo kubva muChishona kuenda muChiUkrainia kunoda hungwaru hwekusika (transcreation). Tsumo dzeChishona dzinowanzoshandisa mhuka, zvirimwa, uye magariro ekumaruwa emuZimbabwe. Semuenzaniso, tsumo inoti "Kugona nhambo kuziva rutsoka" haigoni kushandurwa shoko neshoko kuenda muChiUkrainia nekuti inorasikirwa nezvinoreva. Mushanduri anofanira kutsvaga tsumo inoenderana neiyo mutsika dzechiUkrainia inotsanangura unyanzvi hwekuziva miganhu kana kuzvibata. Kana pasina tsumo yakadaro muChiUkrainia, mushanduri anofanira kutsanangura zvinoreva tsumo yacho zviri pachena pane kuedza kushandura mazwi acho rimwe nerimwe.
2. Ruremekedzo Nezvikamu Zvemagariro (Honorifics and Registers)
Chishona mutauro unokoshesa zvikuru ruremekedzo rwemazita, zvikurukuru pakati pevechidiki nevakuru kana madzimai nevarume. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nekushandiswa kwemazwi anoti "imi", "vamene", kana zvivakashure zvekuremekedza (sekuti "Vazvinavirira"). ChiUkrainia chine mutauro wekuremekedza zvakare, apo vanoshandisa chiito nerekuremekedza rechipiri (Ви - Vy) pane rechipiri remunhu mumwe chete (Ти - Ty) pakutaura nemunhu mukuru kana mutorwa. Mushanduri anofanira kuona kuti danho rekuremekedza riri muzvinyorwa zveChishona rarasikirwa here kana ratorwa nemazvo kuenda muChiUkrainia.
Mazano Anobatsira Vashanduri Kubereka Basa Rakanaka
Kuti uve mushanduri ane mukurumbira anokwanisa kuendesa mashoko nemazvo pakati pemitauro iyi, heano mamwe mazano anokosha ekutevera:
- Kudzivirira Kushandura Shoko NeShoko: Gara uchiyeuka kuti zvinoreva mutsara zvakakosha kudarika mazwi ari mauri. Tarisa mufananidzo mukuru wezviri kutaurwa usati watanga kushandura.
- Kushandisa Duramazwi Remazwi EChinyakare NeEmazuva Ano: Kushandura kubva muChishona kuenda muChiUkrainia kunoda maduramazwi akadzama. Nemhaka yekuti hapana maduramazwi akawanda akananga pakati pemitauro iyi miviri, zvinobatsira kushandisa Chirungu semutauro wepakati (pivot language), asi mushanduri anofanira kungwarira kuti asarasikirwe nehunhu hwemutauro wekutanga.
- Kunzwisisa Zvinyorwa Zvemagariro NeNhoroondo: ChiUkrainia mutauro une mazwi akawanda ane hukama nenhoroondo yenyika iyoyo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mushanduri anofanira kunge achiziva zvakawanda nezvematongerwo enyika, nzanga, uye magariro eUkraine neZimbabwe.
- Kuverenga Uye Kugadzirisa Basa Rakapera (Proofreading): Mushure mekushandura, siyanisa chinyorwa chako kwemaawa mikova kana zuva rimwe chete. Zvadaro, chiverenge zvakare uine pfungwa itsva kuitira kuti uone zvikanganiso zvisina kururama megirama kana kutaura kusingaiti sezvakasikwa muChiUkrainia.
Matanho Ekuita Basa Rekushandura Nenzira Hwaro
Matanho anotevera anogona kushandiswa sehwaro pakushanda kwese kwakarongeka:
- Kuongorora Chinyorwa CheChishona (Analysis): Verenga chinyorwa chese uchinzwisisa chinangwa, mweya wechinyorwa, uye vateereri vachange vachichiverenga.
- Kunyora Basa Rekutanga (Drafting): Nyora vhezheni yekutanga yechiUkrainia pasina kunyanya kunetsekana nemashoko ose, uchinangana nekubata zvinoreva.
- Kugadzirisa Zviratidzo Nezvivakwa (Restructuring): Gadzirisa zvikamu zvemitsara kuti zvienderane nekuerera kwemutauro wechiUkrainia, uchishandisa kesi dzakakodzera.
- Kutarisa Kwemhando (Quality Check): Kana zvichibvira, tsvaga munhu ane mutauro waamai uri ChiUkrainia kuti aongorore chinyorwa chacho kuitira kuti chive chakasikwa uye chinotapira kuverenga.
Kushandura pakati peChishona neChiUkrainia kunoratidza pachena runako rwekusiyana kwemitauro yevanhu. Nekutevera nzira nehunyanzvi uhwu, vashanduri vanogona kuvaka bhiriji rakasimba rinobatanidza tsika nevanhu vekuZimbabwe neUkraine kuburikidza nekutaurirana kwakachena kwakavimbika.