Kumasulira pakati pa zilankhulo za Chibantu ndi ntchito yomwe imawoneka ngati yosavuta poyang'ana koyamba, koma imafuna chidziwitso chozama komanso luso lamphamvu lachilankhulo. Chichewa (chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti Chinyanja m'madera ena) ndi chiyankhulo chofala kwambiri m'maiko monga Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique. Kumbali ina, Setswana (kapena Tswana) ndi chiyankhulo chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Botswana, South Africa, komanso m'madera ena a Namibia. Ngakhale zilankhulo ziwirizi zili mu gulu limodzi la zilankhulo za Chibantu, pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa galamala, kalembedwe, komanso chikhalidwe komwe omasulira ayenera kusamala nako kuti apeze zotsatira zolondola komanso zomveka bwino.
Chiyambi cha Zilankhulo Ziwirizi koma Zosiyana
Zilankhulo za Chibantu zimagawana mawonekedwe ambiri, monga kudalira magulu a maina (noun classes) komanso kulumikiza mawu kuti apange ziganizo. Komabe, Chichewa ndi Setswana zili m'magulu osiyana a zilankhulo za Chibantu. Chichewa chili mu gulu la Zone N (m'dera la pakati ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa), pamene Setswana chili mu gulu la Zone S (kumwera kwa Africa, makamaka gulu la Sotho-Tswana). Kusiyana kumeneku kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu, matchulidwe, ndi galamala zomwe zimapanga zovuta panthawi yomasulira.
Kusiyana kwa Kalembedwe: Conjunctive ndi Disjunctive
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe omasulira amakumana nazo ndi kalembedwe ka zilankhulo ziwirizi. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito kalembedwe ka conjunctive, komwe kamaphatikiza ma prefix ndi ma suffix osiyanasiyana kuti apange mawu amodzi aatali. Mwachitsanzo, chiganizo chakuti "Ndikufuna kukudziwani" chimapangidwa ndi mawu awiri okha m'Chichewa.
Kumbali ina, Setswana chimagwiritsa ntchito kalembedwe ka disjunctive. M'kalembedwe kameneku, zigawo zosiyanasiyana za galamala monga timawu tosonyeza munthu (subject concords), nthawi (tense markers), ndi zinthu zina zimalembedwa ngati mawu odziyimira pawokha. Mwachitsanzo, chiganizo cha Chichewa "Ndimakukondani" (ndikukondani inu) chimatha kumasuliridwa mu Setswana ngati "Ke a lo rata" kapena "Ke a go rata" malingana ndi omwe mukuwayankhula nawo. Pano tikuwona kuti mawu amodzi a Chichewa agawika kukhala mawu anayi mu Setswana. Womasulira ayenera kumvetsetsa bwino lomwe momwe angagawire kapena kuphatikiza mawuwa popanda kutaya tanthauzo loyambirira.
Magulu a Maina ndi Kugwirizana kwa Ziganizo
Zilankhulo zonsezi zili ndi magulu a maina omwe amatsogolera momwe galamala imagwirira ntchito m'chiganizo. Komabe, katchulidwe ndi matchulidwe a magulawa amasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la anthu (Class 1 and 2) m'Chichewa limagwiritsa ntchito ma prefix monga mu- (m'modzi) ndi a- (ambiri), monga mu mawu akuti "munthu" ndi "anthu". Mu Setswana, gulu lomweli limagwiritsa ntchito mo- ndi ba-, monga mu "motho" ndi "batho".
Kugwirizana kwa ziganizo (concordial agreement) ndikofunikira kwambiri. Ngati chiganizo chili m'gulu linalake la maina m'Chichewa, wamasulira ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti akumanga chiganizo cha Setswana pogwiritsa ntchito ma concord ogwirizana ndi gulu loyenera la maina mu Setswana. Kulakwitsa pang'ono pa nkhaniyi kumapangitsa kuti chiganizo chizimveka ngati chachilendo kapena chosamveka kwa eni zilankhulozo.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa Mawu komanso "Mawu Onyenga" (False Friends)
Chifukwa chakuti zilankhulozi zimachokera ku tsinde limodzi la Chibantu, omasulira nthawi zambiri amagwera m'maganizo oti mawu omwe akumveka mofanana ali ndi tanthauzo limodzi. Izi sizili choncho nthawi zonse, ndipo pali mawu omwe amafanana matchulidwe koma ali ndi matanthauzo osiyana kwambiri (awa amatchedwa 'false friends').
- Mawu ogawana nawo koma osiyana tanthauzo: Kusamala ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa mawu ena amatha kukhala odziwika mu gulu limodzi koma kutanthauza chinthu china chosiyana kwambiri kapena chamwano mu gulu lina.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu obwerekedwa: Chichewa chadzaza ndi mawu obwerekedwa kuchokera ku Chingerezi ndi Chitchona (m'madera ena a border), pamene Setswana chili ndi mawu ambiri obwerekedwa kuchokera ku Afrikaans ndi Chingerezi. Omasulira ayenera kudziwa nthawi yomwe angagwiritse ntchito mawu achibadwidwe kapena mawu obwerekedwa kuti asunge msinkhu woyenera wa chinenerocho (register).
Malangizo Othandiza Kuti Mumasulire Bwino
Kuti muwonetsetse kuti kumasulira kwanu kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita mu Setswana kuli kwapamwamba komanso kothandiza, tsatirani malangizo awa:
- Mvetsetsani nkhani yonse (Context): Musamasulire mawu ndi mawu. Zilankhulo za Chibantu zimadalira kwambiri nkhani yomwe ikuyankhulidwa. Werengani ndime yonse kuti mumvetse uthenga wonse musanayambe kumasulira.
- Samalani ndi Miyambi ndi Mafotokozedwe a Chikhalidwe: Miyambi ya Chichewa singamasulidwe mwachindunji (literally) kupita mu Setswana. Omasulira ayenera kupeza mwambi wofanana nawo mu Setswana womwe uli ndi uthenga wofanana, m'malo momangotanthauzira mawu a mwambiwwo.
- Gwiritsani ntchito Zida zamakono ndi madikishonare ogwirizana: Omasulira ayenera kakhala ndi madikishonare apamwamba komanso glossary ya mawu apadera (technical terms) kuti apewe kusokonezeka.
- Kubwereza kuwerenga (Proofreading): Nthawi zonse, lekani munthu amene amalankhula Setswana monga chinenero chake chobadwa nacho (native speaker) kuti awonere komanso kukonza zomwe mwasulirazo kuti zitsimikizike kuti zikuyenda bwino komanso mwachibadwa.
Kufunika kwa Kulemekeza Chikhalidwe (Cultural Transcreation)
Kumasulira sikungosintha mawu kuchokera m'chinenero china kupita m'chinenero china; ndi kusamutsa chikhalidwe. Mu chikhalidwe cha aTswana (Batswana), ulemu uli ndi malo akulu kwambiri, ndipo izi zikuwonekera mu chinenero chawo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mukumasulira zolemba zomwe zikupita kwa akuluakulu kapena anthu olemekezeka, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu olemekeza (honorifics) monga "Rra" (abambo) ndi "Mma" (amayi) mu Setswana kuli ndi kofunika kwambiri ndipo sikuyenera kupuputidwa ngakhale zitatakhala kuti m'Chichewa choyambirira zinthuzi sizinafotokozedwe momveka bwino.
Kuphatikiza apo, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthawi komanso mafotokozedwe a zochitika zapakhomo kapena za m'mudzi zimasiyana pakati pa anthu olankhula Chichewa (monga aChewa, aNyanja, kapena aTumbuka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito Chichewa) ndi aTswana. Kudziwa kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe kumeneku kumathandiza wamasulira kupewa kulakwitsa komwe kungakhumudwitse kapena kusokoneza owerenga a Setswana.
Chidule cha Njira Zothandiza
Kumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita mu Setswana kumafuna kusamala kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kalembedwe (conjunctive vs disjunctive) komanso kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Africa. Kudzera mukumvetsetsa magulu a maina, kapewaji ka mawu onyenga, komanso kugwirizana ndi anthu olankhula chinenerocho monga chobadwa nacho, omasulira amatha kupanga ntchito yabwino kwambiri yomwe imalumikiza anthu a zilankhulo ziwirizi mwaulemu komanso momveka bwino.