Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili ezingafani neze ngokomlando, ngokwendawo nangokwakheka kufana nokwakha ibhuloho phakathi kwemihlaba emibili ehlukene ngokuphelele. Ulimi lwesiZulu, oluyilungu lomndeni wezilimi zesiBantu ezikhulunywa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, kanye nolimi lwesiTsheki (Czech), oluyilungu lomndeni wezilimi zesiSlavic zasentshonalanga ezikhulunywa eYurophu Ephakathi, zinezindlela ezihluke kakhulu zokuthwala umqondo, isiko nemininingwane yolimi. Lolu hambo lokuhumusha kusuka ngesiZulu kuya ngesiTsheki ludinga ukuqonda okujulile hhayi nje kwamagama kuphela, kodwa nendlela uhlelo lolimi ngalunye olusebenza ngayo kanye nemizwa namasiko athwalwa yilezi zilimi.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kohlelo Lolimi: Izilimi Ezinamathelayo Nezilimi Eziguquguqukayo
Ukuze umhumushi akwazi ukuhumusha ngempumelelo isuka ngesiZulu iya ngesiTsheki, kufanele aqonde umehluko obalulekile ekwakhekenzi kwamagama nemisho phakathi kwalezi zilimi zombili:
- IsiZulu njengeLimi Elihlanganisayo (Agglutinative Language): Uhlelo lolimi lwesiZulu lusekelwe kakhulu ezimfamoneni (prefixes) nezijobelelo (suffixes) ezinamatheliswa kumsuka wezwi. Amabizo ahlukaniswa ngezinsiza-magama noma izigaba zamabizo (noun classes), ezilawula ukuvumelana kwazo zonke ezinye izingxenye yenkulumo emishweni (subject-verb agreement and adjectival concords). Lokhu kusho ukuthi igama elilodwa lesiZulu lingaqukatha isihloko, isenzo, inkathi, kanye nento eyenziwayo.
- IsiTsheki njengeLimi Eliguqukayo (Fusional/Inflected Language): Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ulimi lwesiTsheki luncike kakhulu ohlelweni lwamacala noma amakesi (grammatical cases noma "pády" ngesiTsheki). IsiTsheki sinecala eliyisikhombisa (seven cases) anquma ukuthi ibizo, isiphawulo, noma isishintshashintshi sisebenza kanjani emishweni. Ukuphela kwegama kuyashintsha kuye ngokuthi lisetshenziswa kanjani (isihloko, into eyenziwayo, indawo, njalo njalo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabizo ahlukaniswa ngokobulili obuthathu: ubuduna (masculine), ubufazi (feminine), nobungavamile/ubungathathi hlangothi (neuter).
Lo mehluko obalulekile udala inselele enkulu lapho uhumusha. Umhumushi akakwazi ukuhumusha igama negama (literal translation). Kufanele ahlaziye umusho wesiZulu wonke, asuse isakhiwo sezimpawu zesiZulu, abese akha kabusha umusho ngesiTsheki esisebenzisa amacala afanele nobunjalo bobulili bezinto ezishiwayo.
Izinkinga Ze-Semantics Nemibono Yezamasiko
Ulimi luyisibuko sesiko labantu abalukhulumayo. IsiZulu sigcwele imibono yamasiko ehlukene kakhulu nempilo yaseYurophu Ephakathi lapho kukhulunywa khona isiTsheki. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu umqondo we-"Ubuntu". Lo mqondo, othi "umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu," awunalo igama elilodwa elilingana nawo ngqo ngesiTsheki. Lapho umhumushi ehlangana nala magama, kufanele asebenzise izindlela zokuchaza (paraphrasing) noma azame ukuthola amagama ahlobene njenge-"humanismus" (humanism) noma "lidskost" (humanity/humanness), nakuba lezi zinguqulelo zilahlekelwa ukujula kwesimo senhlalo yomphakathi wamaZulu.
Kukhona futhi nezinkulumo ezihloniphayo (hlonipha system) kanye namagama obuhlobo esiZulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isiZulu sinamagama ahlukene omfowethu omdala (umfowethu omdala) nomfowethu omncane (umfowethu omncane), kanti ngesiTsheki igama elithi "bratr" libhekisela kumfowethu jikelele ngaphandle kokuthi ucacise ngokuthi "starší bratr" noma "mladší bratr". Umhumushi kufanele anqume ukuthi ngabe le mininingwane ibalulekile yini kumongo womusho ukuze ayifake ekuhumusheni kwesiTsheki.
Amathiphu Abalulekile Abahumushi Basebenzisa IsiZulu NgesiTsheki
Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umsebenzi wakho wokuhumusha usezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu futhi uyathandeka kubafundi besiTsheki, landela lezi zinkombandlela ezilandelayo:
- Gwema Ukuhumusha Igama Negama: Ukuhumusha igama negama phakathi kwesiZulu nesiTsheki kuholela emishweni engazwakali kahle nengcolile. Hlaziya umqondo jikelele womusho wesiZulu bese uwubhala kabusha ngesiTsheki usebenzisa izakhiwo zemisho ezijwayelekile kuleso silimi.
- Qaphela Izimpawu ZesiTsheki (Diacritics): Ulimi lwesiTsheki lusebenzisa izimpawu ezikhethekile phezu kwezinhlamvu (ezifana ne-caron noma háček phezulu kwe-š, č, ř kanye ne-acute accent noma čárka phezu kwe-á, é, í). Lezi zimpawu zishintsha ngokuphelele umsindo nencazelo yegama. Isibonelo, "byt" kusho indlu yokuhlala, kanti "být" kusho ukuba khona. Ukuphuthelwa yilezi zimpawu kungonakalisa ikhwalithi yomsebenzi wakho.
- Sebenzisa Amathuluzi Esizukulwane Esisha (CAT Tools): Amathuluzi okuhumusha asizwa ngekhompiyutha afana ne-SDL Trados, memoQ, noma i-Phrase alusizo kakhulu ekugcineni ukungaguquguquki kwamatemu (terminology consistency). Nakuba lezi zilimi zombili zingenawo ama-database amaningi ahlanganyelwe, ukuzakhela i-Glossary yakho kuzokusiza ukuthi uhumushe ngokushesha nangobunyonqo.
- Funda Izincwadi Nezincwadi Ngazo Zombili Izilimi: Ukuze ube ngumhumushi ovelele, kufanele ufunde kakhulu imibhalo yobuciko, izindaba zezepolitiki, nezobuchwepheshe ngesiZulu nesiTsheki. Lokhu kukusiza ukuba uqonde izitayela ezahlukene zokubhala nendlela amagama asetshenziswa ngayo ezimweni zangempela.
Umehluko Wezinkathi Zezenzo Nokusebenza Kwazo
Enye indawo edinga ukunakwa kakhulu yizinkathi zezenzo. Uhlelo lwesiZulu lunezinkathi eziningi ezicacile ezihlanganisa inkathi yamanje, edlule esanda kudlula, edlule ekude, ezayo eseduze, nezayo ekude. Ngakolunye ohlangothi, isiTsheki sinezinkathi ezintathu kuphela eziyinhloko: inkathi edlule (minulý čas), yamanje (přítomný čas), nezayo (budoucí čas). Nokho, isiTsheki sinxephezela lokhu ngomqondo we-"aspect" wezenzo – izenzo zihlukaniswa phakathi kwezenzo eziqhubekayo noma ezingaphelele (imperfective verbs noma "nedokonavá slovesa") nezenzo eziphelele noma eziyisigameko esisodwa (perfective verbs noma "dokonavá slovesa").
Lapho uhumusha isenzo sesiZulu esibonisa ukuthi isenzo besilokhu senzeka isikhathi eside esikhathini esidlule, kufanele ukhethe isenzo sesiTsheki esingaphelele (imperfective) esikhathini esidlule. Uma isenzo sesiZulu besiyinto eyenzeke kanye yaba yisiphetho, isenzo sesiTsheki esiphelele (perfective) siyoba yisinqumo esifanele. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi umhumushi abe nekhono lokuhlunga umongo nesikhathi esiqondile senzo ngasinye.
Izinqubo Zokugcina Zokuhlunga Nokuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi
Ngemva kokuba usukhiphe umbhalo ngesiTsheki, umsebenzi wakho awukakapheli. Isigaba sokugcina sokuhlunga (proofreading and editing) sibaluleke kakhulu. Kunconywa kakhulu ukuba umbhalo ohunyushiwe ubuyekezwe ngumuntu okhuluma isiTsheki njengolimi lwakhe lwebele (native Czech speaker). Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umbhalo uzwakala njengokungathi ubhalwe ngesiTsheki ekuqaleni, hhayi njengombhalo ohunyushiwe. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi kuhlanganisa futhi nokuhlola ukuthi ngabe ifomethi yezinombolo, izinsuku, nezimpawu zokubhala ilandela imithetho yaseCzech Republic (isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwekhoma esikhundleni se-decimal point ezibhalweni zezibalo).
Kafushane, ukuhumusha kusuka ngesiZulu kuya ngesiTsheki kuwumsebenzi wobuciko nobuchwepheshe obunembile odinga ukuzinikela okukhulu. Ngokulandela lezi zinkombandlela, ukuqonda umehluko wokwakheka kwezilimi, nokuhlonipha amasiko omphakathi ngamunye, abahumushi bangakha imisebenzi ekhanyayo nefinyelelekayo emiphakathini yomibili.