Kumasulira zolemba kuchokera m'chilankhulo cha Chichewa, chomwe chili m'gulu la zilankhulo za Bantu ku m'mwera kwa Africa, kupita m'chilankhulo cha Chipunjabi (Punjabi), chomwe ndi chilankhulo cha Indo-Aryan chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku India ndi Pakistan, ndi ntchito yovuta komanso yochititsa chidwi. Ntchitoyi imafuna osati kokha kudziwa mawu a zilankhulo ziwirizi, komanso kumvetsetsa mozama kapangidwe ka galamala, matchulidwe, ndiponso chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula zilankhulizi. M'nkhaniyi, tiwona njira zosiyanasiyana, zopinga zomwe omasulira amakumana nazo, komanso malangizo othandiza kuti kumasulira kwanu kukhale kwachilengedwe komanso kolondola m'chilankhulo cha Chipunjabi.
1. Kusiyana kwa Kapangidwe ka Ziganizo (Syntactic Alignment)
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe womasulira aliyense ayenera kuziganizira ndi kapangidwe ka ziganizo pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chipunjabi. Chilankhulo cha Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Izi zikutanthauza kuti chiganizo chimayamba ndi mchita (subject), chotsatira ndi chichitidwe (verb), ndipo pomaliza chimadzaza ndi chachitidwa (object). Mwachitsanzo, mu Chichewa timanena kuti: "Mtsikana (S) amawerenga (V) buku (O)."
Koma mu Chipunjabi, dongosololi limasintha kukhala Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Izi zikutanthauza kuti chichitidwe (verb) nthawi zonse chimabwera kumapeto kwa chiganizo. Mu Chipunjabi, chiganizo chomwechi chingalembedwe motere: "Kuri (S) kitab (O) parhdi hai (V)" (kumasulira kwenikweni kwa mawu ndi mawu: "Mtsikana buku amawerenga"). Choncho, pakumasulira kuchokera ku Chichewa kupita ku Chipunjabi, womasulira ayenera kukonza nkhaniyo kuti igwirizane ndi dongosolo la SOV popanda kusintha tanthauzo loyambirira la chiganizochi. Kulephera kusintha dongosololi kumapangitsa kuti zolemba zanu zimveke zachilendo komanso zosamveka kwa olankhula Chipunjabi.
2. Magulu a Maina mu Chichewa ndi Kasinthidwe ka Maina mu Chipunjabi
Chichewa chimadziwika bwino chifukwa cha dongosolo lake la magulu a maina (noun classes), pomwe maina amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi matchulidwe awo (monga magulu a anthu, zinthu, mitengo, zida, ndi zina). Magulu a mainawa amakhudza prefixes za maverebu, adjectives, ndi ziganizo zonse (concordial agreement). Izi zimapangitsa kuti Chichewa chikhale chilankhulo chomamatizidwa (agglutinative language).
Kumbali ena, Chipunjabi chilibe dongosolo la magulu a maina ngati la Chichewa, koma chili ndi dongosolo la jenda la galamala (grammatical gender) komwe maina onse amagawidwa kukhala amuna (masculine) kapena akazi (feminine). Kuphatikiza apo, maina mu Chipunjabi amasintha malinga ndi kuchuluka (singular/plural) komanso mlandu (case marker/postpositions). Ntchito ya womasulira apa ndikuzindikira jenda ya dzina limene likumasuliridwa mu Chipunjabi ndikuonetsetsa kuti maverebu ndi adjectives ogwirizana nawo asinthidwa moyenera kuti agwirizane ndi jenda ndi kuchuluka kwa dzinalo. Kusiyana kumeneku kumafuna chidwi chachikulu chifukwa kulakwitsa jenda kumatha kusintha tanthauzo lonse la chiganizo.
3. Kumasulira Mau a Ulemu ndi Kulemekezana (Honorifics and Registers)
Pankhani ya chikhalidwe, onse a ku Malawi ndi a ku Punjab amalemekeza kwambiri anthu achikulire komanso olamulira. Mu Chichewa, ulemu uwu umawonekera pogwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo za ambiri kapena prefixes zamwambo (monga "a-" pa dzina kapena maverebu ngati "apita" m'malo mwa "wapita" pokhulupirira munthu mmodzi wa ulemu). Tili ndi mawu ngati "Bambo" kapena "Mayi" omwe amaperekanso ulemu wapadera.
Mu Chipunjabi, ulemu umawonetsedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osonyeza ulemu (monga kuwonjezera mawu oti "ji" pambuyo pa dzina la munthu, mwachitsanzo, "Pitaji" kutanthauza Bambo). Komanso, maverebu amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mitundu ya ambiri (plural markers) kusonyeza ulemu kwa munthu mmodzi. Omasulira ayenera kukhala tcheru kwambiri ndi njira izi kuti asunge ulemu ndi mtundu ya chiganizo chomwe chinalembedwa mu Chichewa pamene akuchitangaza mu Chipunjabi, kuti owerenga a Chipunjabi asamve ngati alembedwa mwamwano.
4. Miyambi, Mafanizidwe, ndi Transcreation
Kumasulira miyambi ndi mawu ophiphiritsa kuchokera ku Chichewa kupita ku Chipunjabi kumafuna luso lapamwamba la "transcreation" (kumasulira kotengera chikhalidwe). Miyambi yambiri ya Chichewa imagwirizana ndi moyo wa kumudzi, ulimi, nyama zakuthengo, ndi mbiri ya anthu a ku Malawi. Mwachitsanzo, mwambi wakuti "Mwala wogubuduzika sutiwa ndere" sungathe kumasuliridwa mawu ndi mawu chifukwa utaya tanthauzo lake m'chilankhulo cha Chipunjabi.
Womasulira ayenera kufufuza mwambi wofanana nawo mu Chipunjabi womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lofana (monga wosonyeza kuti munthu wosakhazikika sachita bwino pamoyo). Chipunjabi chili ndi miyambi yochuluka yomwe imagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha ulimi wa ku Punjab, ngoma za Bhangra, komanso mbiri ya asilikali. Kusankha mwambi woyenera kumapangitsa kuti nkhaniyo imveke ngati idalembedwa mu Chipunjabi mwachindunji, osati ngati yomasulira chabe kuchokera ku chilankhulo china.
5. Kusiyana kwa Zolemba ndi Zizindikiro za Zilembo (Writing Systems and Scripts)
Kusiyana kwina kwakukulu komwe kumakhudza kumasulira uku kuli pa katsamba ka kalembedwe. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Chilatini (Latin alphabet) zomwe zili zofanana ndi za Chingerezi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti owerenga komanso omasulira azitha kudziwa zilembozi mosavuta. Koma Chipunjabi chimalembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri, malinga ndi dera komanso chipembedzo cha owerenga omwe mukuwafuna.
Ku India, Chipunjabi chimalembedwa ndi zilembo za Gurmukhi, zomwe zimayenda kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja ndipo zili ndi dongosolo la zilembo zapadera zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chipembedzo cha Chisikh. Koma ku Pakistan, chilankhulo cha Chipunjabi chimalembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Shahmukhi, zomwe ndi zolemba za Chiarabu ndi Chiperisi ndipo zimayenda kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere. Choncho, musanayambe kumasulira, ndikofunikira kwambiri kudziwa ngati owerenga anu ali ku India (kufuna zilembo za Gurmukhi) kapena ku Pakistan (kufuna zilembo za Shahmukhi), chifukwa kusankha zilembo molakwika kudzapangitsa kuti zolemba zanu zikhale zosamveka kwa owerengawo.
6. Malangizo Othandiza Kwa Omasulira Chichewa ndi Chipunjabi
- Mvetsetsani nkhani yonse (Contextual Understanding): Musayambe kumasulira musanawerenge ndikuonetsetsa kuti mwathetsa kusamvetsetsa kulikonse kwa lemba la Chichewa.
- Pangani mapangidwe a ziganizo mwatsopano: Pewani kumasulira mawu ndi mawu (literal translation). Onetsetsani kuti mwasintha dongosolo la SVO la Chichewa kukhala SOV la Chipunjabi.
- Sankhani mawu molondola malinga ndi chigawo: Chipunjabi chili ndi zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana (dialects) monga Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, ndi Powadhi. Sankhani chilankhulo cha Chipunjabi chovomerezeka ndi ambiri (kawirikawiri Majhi) pokhapokha ngati kuli malangizo ena.
- Gwiritsani ntchito zida zamakono zothandizira kumasulira (CAT Tools): Koma kumbukirani kuti makina kumasulira (machine translation) nthawi zambiri samatha kusamalira kusiyana kwa magulu a maina a Chichewa ndi jenda ya Chipunjabi molondola, choncho kuwunikiranso kwa anthu (human post-editing) ndikofunikira kwambiri.
- Kambiranani ndi akatswiri a zilankhulo ziwirizi: Kukhala ndi anzanu omwe amalankhula Chipunjabi monga chilankhulo chawo chobadwa nacho kungakuthandizeni kutsimikizira ngati zolemba zanu zikumveka bwino m'makutu awo.
Kutsiliza pa Ntchito Yomasulira Izi
Kumasulira pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chipunjabi ndiko kulumikiza mitsinje iwiri ikuluikulu ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pamafunika kuleza mtima, kafukufuku wozama, ndiponso luso lausiri. Poitsatira njira zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, omasulira amatha kutulutsa zolemba zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe sizimangotanthauzira mawu okha, komanso zimasunga mzimu, ulemu, ndi kukongola kwa chilankhulo zilichonse.