Kumasulira chinenero cha Chichewa kupita ku Chiromania (Romanian) ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zolimbikitsa komanso zosangalatsa kwambiri pa nkhani ya maphunziro a zinenero. Zinenero ziwirizi zimachokera m'mabanja awiri osiyana kotheratu: Chichewa ndi chinenero cha chiBantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Malawi komanso m'madera a Zambia ndi Mozambique, pamene Chiromania ndi chinenero cha Romance (cholongosoka kuchokera ku Chilatini) chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Romania ndi Moldova ku Europe. Kulumikiza zinenero ziwirizi kumafuna kumvetsetsa kwambiri malamulo a galamala, chikhalidwe, ndi kapangidwe kake kotsimikizika kuti uthenga usalowe m'njira yolakwika kapena kutaya tanthauzo lenileni.
Dongosolo la Galamala: Kusiyana kwa Kapangidwe ka Ziganizo
Kusiyana kwakukulu komwe womasulira amakumana nako kuli pa dongosolo la kapangidwe ka ziganizo ndi mawu. Chichewa ndi chinenero cha agglutinative, komwe mawu atsopano komanso nthawi zopangira ziganizo zimamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zisewero zoyambirira (prefixes) zomwe zimapachikidwa patsinde la verebu kapena dzina. Zizindikiro izi zimasonyeza Subject, Object, Tense, Aspect, ndi Mood panthawi imodzi pa verebu limodzi lokha. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti "sanganthandizidwe" ali ndi tizigawo tosiyanasiyana monga s- (kukana), -a- (onse/subject prefix), -nga- (kuthekera), -thandiz- (thandizo), ndi -dwa (machitidwe/passive). Ndizovuta kupeza verebu limodzi lodziyimira pawokha mu Chiromania lomwe lingafotokoze kachitidwe konseka popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ziganizo zothandizira.
Kumbali inayi, Chiromania chimatsata dongosolo la inflectional, komwe mayina ndi maverebu amasintha mapeto awo (suffixes) kutengera udindo wa dzina m'chiganizo (monga mikhalidwe isanu: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, ndi Vocative) komanso nthawi (tense) ndi munthu yemwe akuchita (conjugation). Kuti mumasulire bwino kuchokera ku Chichewa kupita ku Chiromania, muyenera kuzindikira mgwirizano wamapangidwe awa. Mu Chiromania, katsatanetsatane wa "gender" kapena jenda ya mayina (waimuna, wamkazi, ndi wapakati) ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri chifukwa zofotokozera (adjectives) ndi matchulidwe ena amayenera kusintha kuti agwirizane ndi jenda ya dzina lomwe likufotokozedwayo, chinthu chomwe chili chosiyana ndi magulu a mayina a Chichewa (noun classes).
Magulu a Mayina (Chichewa Noun Classes) ndi Jenda (Romanian Gender System)
Chichewa chili ndi magulu pafupifupi 18 a mayina, omwe amadziwika chifukwa cha zisewero zawo zoyambirira (monga m-, wa-, t-, ma-, ka-, ti-). Magulu awa amagwira ntchito yomwe jenda imagwira mu Chiromania, koma m'njira yosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chichewa:
- Gulu 1 ndi 2 (Munthu/Anthu): Limafotokoza za anthu okhaokha.
- Gulu 5 ndi 6 (Dzira/Mazira, Dzanja/Manja): Limalongosola zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zozungulira kapena ziwiri-ziwiri.
- Gulu 12 ndi 13 (Kanthu/Tinthu): Limalongosola zinthu zing'onozing'ono (diminutive class).
Mu Chiromania, jenda ndi yotengera malamulo achilengedwe kapena a galamala ya Romance, yogawidwa m'magulu atatu: Masculin (waimuna), Feminin (wamkazi), ndi Neutru (wapakati). Kuphatikiza apo, Chiromania chimagwiritsa ntchito tinthu tosonyeza dzina (definite ndi indefinite articles) tomwe timapachikidwa pamapeto a dzina (enclitic articles), monga "-ul" waimuna ndi "-a" wamkazi. Mwachitsanzo, "băiat" (mnyamata) amakhala "băiatul" (mnyamatayo), pamene "fată" (msungwana) amakhala "fata" (msungwanayo). Popanga kumasulira, katswiri womasulira ayenera kumvetsetsa momwe angasinthire mgwirizano wapadera wa magulu a mayina a Chichewa kuti alowe mu dongosolo la jenda ndi tinthu tasonyeza mayina mu Chiromania kuti chiganizo chikhale chachibadwa komanso chomveka bwino kwa olankhula Chiromania.
Nthawi za Maverebu ndi Kufotokoza Kachitidwe (Verb Tenses and Aspect)
Chichewa ndi chinenero chomwe chili ndi kulemera kwambiri pa "aspect" kapena momwe chinthu chikuchitikira (ngati chikutha, chikupitiriza, kapena chikungobwereza) pogwiritsa ntchito tizigawo monga -na-, -dza-, -ku-, -ma-, ndi -sali-. Chiromania chilinso ndi katsatanetsatane wa nthawi koma chimadalira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zotsutsana (monga Imperfect - imperfectul wosonyeza zochitika zopitirira m'mbuyo, ndi Perfect Compounded - perfectul compus wosonyeza zochitika zomwe zatha kale). Mukamasulira kapangidwe koti "ndinkagwira ntchito" (kuyamba m'mbuyomu ndipo n'kupitiriza), mu Chiromania muyenera kusankha nthawi ya imperfect (lucram), osati nthawi ya perfect compus (am lucrat) yomwe imatanthauza "ndagwira ntchito" (zatha kale).
Miyambi, Zikhalidwe ndi Kumasulira Kozama (Transcreation)
Kumasulira sikungosintha mawu chabe kuchokera ku chinenero chimodzi kupita ku chinzake; ndiko kusamutsa chikhalidwe ndi maganizo. Chichewa ndi cholemera ndi miyambi yomwe imachokera pa moyo wa m'mudzi, ulimi, ndi kulemekeza makolo ndi okalamba. Chiromania chilinso ndi miyambi yambiri (proverbe) yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi miyambo ya ku Europe, ulimi wakale, ndi nkhani za Chikhristu. Womasulira akasowa luso lowerenga mozama, amatha kugwera mumsampha womasulira mwambi liwu ndi liwu, zomwe zingasokoneze owerenga.
Mwachitsanzo, mwambi wa Chichewa wakuti "Chakudza chitsire mbwanda" utha kumasuliridwa mu Chiromania monga "Ceea ce vine va fi gătit" (zomwe zikubwera zipikidwe), koma tanthauzo lake lenileni ndi "kulandira ndi kukonzekera zovuta zilizonse zomwe zingabwere." Mwambi wofanana nawo mu Chiromania womwe ungagwire ntchito yofanana ndi uwu ndi "Ce ti-e scris, în frunte ti-e pus" (zomwe zalembedwa pamphumi pako zidzakuchitikira) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mawu owongoka osavuta ofotokoza kulimba mtima pokumana ndi tsoka. Izi zikutsimikizira kuti "transcreation" kapena kumasulira kothandizidwa ndi kusintha zinthu zachikhalidwe ndi kofunika kwambiri.
Malangizo Othandiza Pakumasulira Chichewa Kupita ku Chiromania
Kuti ntchito yanu yomasulira ikhale yapamwamba komanso yolondola, tsatirani malangizo awa:
- Unikani nkhani yonse (Contextual Analysis): Osayamba kumasulira popanda kuwerenga chikalata chonse. Kapangidwe ka Chichewa kamatha kudalira ziganizo zakale kuti tanthauzo la ziganizo zotsatira limveke, choncho kumvetsetsa nkhani yonse ndiko kiyi ya chipambano.
- Pewani kumasulira kwa liwu ndi liwu (Avoid Literal Translation): Dongosolo la ziganizo ndiponso galamala ya Chiromania ndizovuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito kumasulira kotsatira liwu lililonse kumapangitsa chiganizo cha Chiromania kakhala chopanda tanthauzo komanso chachilendo.
- Dziwani bwino magulu a Cases mu Chiromania: Onetsetsani kuti mukudziwa kusiyana pakati pa Dative ndi Accusative chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito pronouns yolakwika kumatha kusokoneza tanthauzo lalikulu la ntchito yanu.
- Sankhani matchulidwe oyenera a anthu (Registers and Politeness): Mu Chichewa, ulemu umasonyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zilumikizidwe za gulu la 2 (monga "bambo akulankhula" m'malo mwa "bambo akulankhula" popanda ulemu). Mu Chiromania, ulemu umasonyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pronouns zapadera monga "dumneavoastră" m'malo mwa "tu".
- Gwiritsani ntchito zida zamakono (CAT Tools) moyenera: Zida zamakono ngati SDL Trados kapena MemoQ zimathandiza kwambiri posunga mafomati komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amodzi (terminology consistency), koma onetsetsani kuti mukuchita ndemanga yanthawi zonse ndi maso a munthu chifukwa makina sangamvetsetse mozama kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe za Chichewa ndi Chiromania.
Zotsatira ndi Kufunika kwa Ntchito ya Omasulira
Kufunika kwa kumasulira zikalata kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita mu Chiromania kukukulirakulira chifukwa cha ubale wamalonda, maphunziro, ndi ntchito za mabungwe osiyanasiyana omwe akugwira ntchito m'maiko onse awiriwa. Kupyolera mu kumasulira kolondola komanso koganizira za chikhalidwe cha olankhula Chiromania, omasulira amatha kutsegula milatho yolankhulirana yomwe imalimbikitsa mgwirizano ndiponso kufanana pakati pa anthu a zikhalidwe ziwirizi. Potsatira malangizo ndi njira zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi, omasulira akhoza kupereka ntchito yolondola kwambiri yomwe idzalemekeze zikhalidwe ndi kachitidwe ka zinenero zonse ziwiri.