Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi zase-Afrika kuyisihluthulelo sokuxhumanisa imiphakathi, ukwabelana ngolwazi, kanye nokuthuthukisa ezohwebo namasiko kulo lonke izwekazi. Phakathi kwalezi zilimi, isiZulu, ulimi olukhulunywa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika oluyingxenye yomndeni wezilimi ze-Bantu, nesiHausa, ulimi olubaluleke kakhulu eNtshonalanga ye-Afrika olungaphansi kwalo mndeni wezilimi ze-Afroasiatic (Chadic), zidlala indima enkulu. Ukuhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiHausa kudinga ukuqonda okujulile hhayi nje kwamagama, kodwa ngezinhlelo zolimi ezingafani neze kanye nezinhlonipho namasiko emiphakathi eyakhile lezi zilimi.
Umehluko Wezinhlaka Zolimi: Izilimi Ze-Bantu Nezinhlelo Ze-Afroasiatic
Inselelo yokuqala enkulu lapho uhumusha kusuka kusiZulu uya kusiHausa ilele ekutheni lezi zilimi zombili zivela emindenini yezilimi ehluke ngokuphelele. IsiZulu silandela uhlelo lwezilimi ze-Bantu, olubaluleke kakhulu ngezinhlaka zalo zokunamathisela iziqalo neziphetho (agglutination) kanye nohlelo olunzulu lwezigaba zamabizo (noun classes). Isenzo ngasinye kusiZulu siboshwe kakhulu nesihloko nasenhlokweni sisebenzisa izivumelwano zangaphambili ezihambisana nesigaba sebizo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiHausa siyilimi le-Chadic elinezakhiwo ezingafani neze nesiZulu. Nakuba zombili lezi zilimi zisebenzisa ukuhleleka kwamagama okuyisihloko-isenzo-into (Subject-Verb-Object noma SVO), isiHausa sisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene kakhulu zokukhombisa inkathi yesenzo (tense) nesimo senzo (aspect). KusiHausa, isenzo ngokwaso asishintshi kakhulu njengoba kwenzeka kusiZulu; esikhundleni salokho, isiphawulo noma isimemezelo senkathi (aspect pronoun) esiza ngaphambi kwesenzo yisona esikhombisa ukuthi isenzo senzeka nini futhi kanjani, kanye nobulili (gender) bomlingisi.
Uhlelo Lobulili Nobuningi: Umehluko Omkhulu Wokuhlela
Enye yezinto okufanele umhumushi aziqaphele kakhulu yindlela izilimi zombili ezibona ngayo ubulili. KusiZulu, alikho uhlelo lobulili bolimi (grammatical gender) oluhlukanisa phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane emabizweni noma ezithweni zolimi. Kunalokho, isiZulu sisebenzisa izigaba zamabizo ezihlukanisa izinto ngokuthi ngabantu, izilwane, izihlahla, noma izinto ezingaphili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isivumelwano sikhomba isigaba sebizo, hhayi ubulili bomuntu.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, isiHausa sisebenzisa uhlelo lobulili bolimi oluqinile (masculine and feminine). Wonke amabizo kusiHausa anobulili obuthile, futhi lokhu kuthinta izichasiso, izimemezelo, kanye nezenzo ezihlobene nalawo mabizo. Lapho uhumusha kusuka kusiZulu (lapho ubulili bungavezwa khona ngqo esenzweni noma esivumelwaneni) uya kusiHausa, kufanele uhlaziye kahle umongo womusho ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ukhetha izimo zobulili ezifanele (isibonelo, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kuka-"ya" okungowesilisa no-"ta" okungowesifazane kusiHausa).
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezithasiselo Namagama Emalimboleko (Loanwords)
IsiZulu nesiHausa zibe nemithelela ehlukahlukene evela kwezinye izilimi ngenxa yomlando nezohwebo. IsiZulu sinamaphesenti amaningi amagama athathwe esiNgisini nesiBhunwini (Afrikaans), kanti sibuye sibe nemisindo yokuchofoza (clicks) ethathwe ezilimini zamaKhoisan. Lapho uhumusha la magama abolekiwe, kubalulekile ukuthola ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini amagama oqobo kusiHausa ngezilimi ezahlukene noma ngabe kufanele yini kusetshenziswe indlela yokuchaza umqondo (descriptive translation).
IsiHausa sona sinomlando omude wokusebenzisana nolimi lwesi-Arabhu ngenxa yokusakazeka kwenkolo yamaSulumane nohwebo lweTrans-Saharan. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amagama amaningi ahlobene nemithetho, inkolo, ezemfundo, nokubusa kusiHausa avela esi-Arabheni. Umhumushi osebenza ngalezi zilimi kufanele abe nolwazi lwale mithelela ukuze akwazi ukuhumusha imiqondo yezomthetho neyenkolo ngendlela ezwakalayo kubaluleki belimi ngalinye.
Ukuguqula Amasiko Nemisho Eyisiga (Transcreation and Idioms)
Ukuhumusha amagama ngamunye ngamunye kuyiphutha elikhulu elingalimaza ikhwalithi yomsebenzi. Amasiko abantu bakwaZulu nabase-Hausaland ahluke kakhulu, futhi lokhu kubonakala endleleni abakha ngayo izaga nemisho eyisiga. Isibonelo, izaga zesiZulu eziningi zisekelwe empilweni yasemaphandleni, ezifuyweni (ikakhulukazi izinkomo), kanye nemvelo yaseNingizimu Afrika.
Lapho uhumusha umusho onezaga zesiZulu, umhumushi kufanele abheke isaga esihambisanayo kusiHausa esidlulisela umyalezo ofanayo, esikhundleni sokuhumusha amagama uqobo lwawo. Isibonelo, umusho othi "ukukhombisa inkomo nethole" udinga ukuchazwa ngomqondo wawo wokungafihli lutho noma wokwenza izinto ngokwethembeka, bese kutholakala isisho sesiHausa esikhuluma ngokwethembeka okufanayo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-transcreation, lapho okuqukethwe kuguqulwa ukuze kufanelekele amasiko omlamuleli.
Amathiphu Abalulekile Okuhumusha Phakathi KweziLimi Zombili
- Qonda Izindlela Zokubiza Amagama Netoni (Tones): Nakuba uhlelo lokubhala lungawavezi amathoni kusiHausa nangesiZulu esikhathini esiningi, isiHausa ulimi lwethoni (tonal language) lapho igama elifanayo lingashintsha incazelo ngenxa yethoni. Qiniseka ukuthi uqonda umongo ukuze ugweme ukudideka.
- Dala Uhlu Lwamagama (Glossary): Ngaphambi kokuba uqale iphrojekthi yakho yokuhumusha, dala uhlu lwamagama ahlobene naleso sihloko ukuze uqiniseke ukutungasingami (consistency) phakathi nalo lonke itekhsti.
- Sebenzisa Ababuyekezi Bomdabu (Native Reviewers): Njalo thola umuntu okhuluma isiHausa njengolimi lwakhe lwebele ukuthi abuyekeze umsebenzi yakho ohunyushiwe ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi uhamba kahle futhi uzwakala ngokwemvelo.
- Qaphela Imikhuba Yezenkolo: Iningi labantu abakhuluma isiHausa ngamaSulumane, ngakho-ke amagama nemikhonzo eminingi idinga ukuhlonipha lo mkhuba wezenkolo. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu kunesiZulu esivame ukuba nemithelela yobuKrestu nemikhuba yamasiko omdabu wamaZulu.
Ikusasa Lezokuhumusha Phakathi KweziLimi Zombili
Ukuhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiHausa kuseyinkundla ekhula kancane kodwa enekusasa eliqhakazile ngenxa yokuxhumana kwezobuchwepheshe kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika. Ngokulandela lezi zindlela nezindlela zokuhlaziya uhlelo lolimi namasiko, abahumushi bangakha amabhuloho aqinile axhumanisa iNingizimu Afrika neNtshonalanga ye-Afrika ngendlela enembile nenenhlonipho.