Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ujya mu Gisomali (Somali) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi, haba mu miterere y'indimi, mu muco, ndetse no mu buryo ibitekerezo bitunganywa. Ikinyarwanda n'Igisomali ni indimi zikomoka mu miryango itandukanye cyane y'indimi muri Afurika. Mu gihe Ikinyarwanda ari ururimi rw'Ikibantu (Bantu language) rukoresha uburyo bw'inteko z'amazina n'ubwumvikane bw'amagambo bushingiye ku bikonganyisho (agglutinative language), Igisomali cyo ni ururimi rw'Igikushiti (Cushitic language) rufite imiterere yihariye irimo gukoresha ibimenyetso by'ikambere (focus markers) n'utunyangingo tw'igitsina cy'amazina (grammatical gender). Kugira ngo umusemuzi abashe gukora umurimo unoze, agomba gusobanukirwa neza ibi bihe n'ingingo zikurikira zigaragaza inzira n'amabwiriza ngenderwaho.
Guhuza Imiterere y'Interuro: SVO (Ikinyarwanda) hamwe na SOV n'Ibimenyetso by'Ikambere mu Gisomali
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye mu guhindura hagati y'izi ndimi zombi ni isano iri hagati y'imiterere y'interuro. Mu Kinyarwanda, interuro isanzwe ikurikira gahunda ya Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), aho ukora igikorwa abanziriza inshinga, agakurikirwa n'igikorwa cyangwa icyakorewe. Urugero: "Umwana yasomye igitabo." Muri iyi nteruro, "Umwana" ni uwayikoze (Subject), "yasomye" ni inshinga (Verb), naho "igitabo" ni icyakorewe (Object).
Ku rundi ruhande, Igisomali gikoresha imiterere ya Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) nk'ishingiro, ariko kikarushaho kugira imiterere yoroshye guhinduka bitewe n'aho ibimenyetso by'ikambere (focus particles) nka "baa", "ayaa", cyangwa "waxaa" byashyizwe. Ibi bimenyetso bigena igice cy'interuro gishimangirwa cyane. Niba dushaka guhindura interuro iri hejuru mu Gisomali, dushobora kuvuga ngo: "Ilmuhu buug buu akhriyey" (Umwana igitabo [focus] yasomye). Aha, "buu" (ihuzwa rya "buug" n'akajambo "baa") yerekana ko igitabo ari cyo kintu cy'ingenzi kivugwa. Niba umusemuzi adashoboye gusesengura neza icyerekezo cy'interuro mu Kinyarwanda ngo agishyire mu miterere ikwiye y'ikambere mu Gisomali, interuro yahinduwe ishobora kumvikana nka gacye cyangwa ikaba itayunguruye neza ku basomyi b'abasangwabutaka b'Igisomali.
Ubwumvikane bw'Amazina: Inteko z'Amazina (Ikinyarwanda) n'Ibihe by'Igitsina cy'Amazina (Igisomali)
Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina yose ahabwa inteko z'amazina (noun classes) zikabakaba 16 cyangwa 20 bitewe n'isesengura ry'indimi. Izi nteko ni zo zigenga imitwe y'amagambo n'ubwumvikane bw'inshinga, ibinyazina, n'ibinyamasano mu nteruro. Urugero, izina "umuntu" riri mu nteko ya mbere, rikagira ubwumvikane bwa "y-", nka "Umuntu mukuru yaje". Izina "intebe" riri mu nteko y'icyenda, rikagira ubwumvikane bwa "i-", nka "Intebe nshya yaguzwe".
Igisomali cyo ntigikoresha inteko z'amazina nk'iz'Ikibantu, ahubwo gifite ibitsina by'amazina bibiri: ikigabo (masculine) n'ikigore (feminine). Iki gitsina kigena uburyo utunyangingo tugaragaza isano (definite articles) twomekwa ku mpera z'amazina. Amazina y'ikigabo yomekwa ku twayo nka "-ka", "-ke", cyangwa "-ga", naho amazina y'ikigore akayomekaho "-ta", "-te", cyangwa "-da". Urugero, "nin" (umugabo) ihinduka "ninka" (uwo mugabo - masculine), naho "gabadh" (umukobwa) ihinduka "gabadhata" cyangwa "gabadhda" (uwo mukobwa - feminine). Mu guhindura inyandiko, umusemuzi agomba kwitonda cyane kuko nta sano ya hejuru iri hagati y'inteko y'izina mu Kinyarwanda n'igitsina cyaryo mu Gisomali. Umusemuzi agomba gufata buri zina akarishakira igitsina cyaryo gikwiriye mu Gisomali kugira ngo yomeke utunyangingo tw'ubwumvikane neza mu nteruro.
Imitondagurire y'Inshinga, Ibihe n'Uburyo bw'Ibyiyumvo
Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rukoresha uburyo bw'inyomeke nyinshi ku nshinga (highly agglutinative). Inshinga imwe y'Ikinyarwanda ishobora kubumbira hamwe intego y'ukora, igihe cy'igikorwa, icyerekezo, icyakorewe, ndetse n'ingereka zinyuranye. Urugero, inshinga "twarabibonye" irimo: "tu-" (twebwe), "-a-" (igihe cyahise cya kure), "-ra-" (icyerekezo kishimangira), "-bi-" (ibintu/icyakorewe mu nteko ya 8), n'inshinga nyirizina "-bona" hamwe n'inyomeke y'igihe "-ye".
Mu Gisomali, inshinga na zo zifite imiterere ikomeye ariko iteye ukundi. N'ubwo gifite inshinga zomekwa ku mpera (suffix verbs) ndetse n'inshinga nkeya zomekwa ku mbanziriza (prefix verbs), inshinga zikoresha uburyo bw'ubwumvikane bujyanye n'umubare n'igitsina cy'ukora. Ikindi kandi, Igisomali gikoresha inshinga zifasha (auxiliary verbs) n'utunyangingo tw'igihe kugira ngo bagaragaze igihe cy'igikorwa neza. Iyo uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gisomali, ugomba kusesengura inshinga y'Ikinyarwanda ukamenya niba igikorwa ari icya vuba (recent past), icya kure (remote past), cyangwa se niba ari igikorwa gihoraho (habitual present). Buri gace k'inshinga y'Ikinyarwanda kagomba kubona umusimbura uhuye nako muri sisitemu y'inshinga y'Igisomali.
Guhuza Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo: Icyuho cy'Umuco n'Ubudasa
Guhindura ururimi si ugusimbuza amagambo gusa, ahubwo ni no guhuza imico. Ikinyarwanda n'Igisomali bifite imico itandukanye cyane bitewe n'amateka n'imiterere y'igihugu cyabyo. Umuco w'Abanyarwanda ubumbatiye ubuhinzi n'ubworozi bw'inka (imisozi, inyambo, amazi meza, inzoga z'ibitoki n'amasaka), mu gihe umuco w'Abasomali bushingiye cyane ku buzima bw'ubworozi bw'ingamiya mu uturere tw'ubutayu ndetse n'umuco w'abayisilamu (Islamic culture) ndetse n'inyanja.
Urugero, imvugo zerekeye inka cyangwa imisozi mu Kinyarwanda zishobora kutagira ibisobanuro bihanganye mu Gisomali. Iyo umwanditsi w'Umunyarwanda avuze ati "afite amaso nk'ay'inyambo", arimo gusingiza ubwiza bw'umuntu. Mu Gisomali, kugira ngo icyo gitekerezo cyumvikane neza, umusemuzi ashobora gukoresha imvugo zabo zisingiza ubwiza bushingiye ku ngamiya cyangwa ku bindi bintu bahora babona nko mu mivugo yabo. Imvugo nka "Imana ikurinde" mu Kinyarwanda, mu Gisomali isanga ijambo "Eebe" cyangwa "Allah" ari ryo rikoreshwa cyane (urugero: "Ilaahay ha ku ilaaliyo"). Umusemuzi agomba kugira ubushishozi buhambaye bwo gukora "transcreation" (guhindura mu buryo buhuza n'umuco n'amateka) aho gukoresha inyito z'ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) kuko byatuma inyandiko ita icyanga cyangwa ikagira ibisobanuro bitari byo.
Amabwiriza y'Ingenzi n'Inama z'Inzobere ku Basemuzi
Kugira ngo inyandiko yahinduwe mu Gisomali ibe inonosoye neza kandi yubahirije amategeko y'iyandika, dore ibintu by'ingenzi ugomba kuzirikana:
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zizewe: N'ubwo nta nkoranyamagambo nyinshi z'akazuyenge ziri hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igisomali, koresha indimi z'abahuza nka Cyongereza cyangwa Igifaransa kugira ngo ugereranye ibisobanuro by'amagambo y'ikoranabuhanga n'ay'ubuzima busanzwe.
- Zirikana imyandikire y'Igisomali: Igisomali cyatangiye kwandikwa mu nyuguti z'ikilatini mu mwaka wa 1972. Gifite amategeko yihariye arimo gukoresha inyuguti zikurikiranye ebyiri kugira ngo zigaragaze amajwi maremare (long vowels nka aa, ee, oo, uu) ndetse n'inyuguti nka "c", "x", "q" zifite amajwi yihariye mu Gisomali atandukanye n'uko asomwa mu zindi ndimi.
- Genzura itandukaniro ry'indimi z'akarere (dialects): Igisomali gifite amashami y'indimi z'akarere atandukanye (nk'Igisomali cy'amajyaruguru n'icy'amajyepfo). Ni ngombwa kumenya inyandiko iyo ari yo yateguriwe abasomyi runaka kugira ngo ukoreshe amagambo ahuye n'akarere kabo.
- Subiramo inyandiko ukoresheje abasangwabutaka: Buri gihe, inyandiko yahinduwe igomba gusomwa no kunonosorwa n'umuntu ufite ururimi rw'Igisomali nka gakondo (native speaker) kugira ngo harebwe niba itegeko ry'ikambere (focus marking) n'iry'igitsina cy'amazina byubahirijwe neza, kandi niba imvugo zikoreshejwe zumvikana neza nta gahato karimo.
Gukurikiza aya mabwiriza n'iri sesengura ry'indimi zombi bifasha abasemuzi n'abazandika guhanga inyandiko zifite ireme ryiza cyane, zikwiriye mu buryo bw'umuco ndetse n'ubw'indimi, zikaba zishobora gusomwa n'Abasomali mu buryo bworoshye kandi bwumvikana neza.