Kuturikira mashoko kubva kune mumwe mutauro kuenda kune mumwe ibasa rine hudzamu husingaperi, zvikuru kana tichitaura nezvemitauro miviri inobva kumhuri dzakasiyana zvachose dzezvemutauro. Mutauro wechiShona, unova mutauro weBantu unotaurwa zvikuru muZimbabwe, nemutauro wechiMalagasy, unova mutauro weAustronesian unotaurwa munyika yeMadagascar, ine misiyano yakakura kwazvo. Kunyange zvazvo nyika yeMadagascar iri pedyo neAfrica uye ichinge yakagamuchira mamwe mashoko kubva kumitauro yeBantu munguva dzekutengeserana kare, zvivakwa zvemitauro iyi miviri yakasiyana zvakanyanya. Gwaro rino rakagadzirirwa kubatsira vaturikiri nevanyori kuti vanzwisise nzira dzakanakisisa dzekushandura chiShona kuenda kuchiMalagasy pasina kurasikirwa nerevo, mweya wemutauro, kana tsika dzemuno.
Musiyano weZvivakwa zveMutauro (Sentence Structure neWord Order)
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru anotarisana nemuturikiri ari kushanda nechiShona nechiMalagasy ndiro rekurongeka kwemashoko mumutsara (word order). ChiShona chinoshandisa kurongeka kweinonzi SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutsara unotanga neMudonzvo kana kuti Muiti, kuchitevera Chiito, kozoti Chinhu chiya chaitwa kana kuti Muitirwa. Semuenzaniso, mumutsara unoti: "Mukomana anoverenga bhuku." Pano "Mukomana" ndiye Muiti (Subject), "anoverenga" ndicho Chiito (Verb), uye "bhuku" ndicho Chinhu (Object).
Kune rumwe rutivi, chiMalagasy chinoshandisa nzira yakasiyana kwazvo inozivikanwa nekuti VOS (Verb-Object-Subject). Mumutauro uyu, chiito ndicho chinotanga mutsara, chichiteverwa nechinhu, uye muiti wemuchato ndiye anozopedzisira. Mutsara wechiShona uri pamusoro uyu uchinge yakaturikirwa muchiMalagasy unozorongeka seizvi: "Mamaky boky ny zazalahy" (anoverenga - bhuku - mukomana). Kune muturikiri asina ruzivo rwakadzama, izvi zvinogona kutsausa pfungwa zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nekuda kwekuchenjerera kwakanyanya kuitira kuti mutsara wechiMalagasy uve nechimiro chechisikigo uye chinonzwisisika kune vanhu veko.
Mupanda weMazita (Noun Classes) Kupesana neZvisarudzi (Articles)
Mutauro wechiShona unozivikanwa nekutsamira kwazvo pamipanda yemazita (noun classes). Mitsetse yese inobatanidzwa nekushandisa zvirungamutauro kana kuti zvirevamwene zvinoenderana nemupanda wezita riri kushandiswa (concordial agreement). Semuenzaniso: "Mwana mudiki anochema" kana kuti "Zvigaro zvidiki zvinovhunika". Pano pane kuenderana kwezvivakamberi zvezviito nezvipauro zvinoenderana nemapoka emazita.
Kune rimwe divi, chiMalagasy hachina mipanda yemazita seyakajairika mumitauro yeBantu. Pachinzvimbo cheizvi, mutauro uyu unoshandisa zvisarudzi (articles) zvakaita se "ny" (chinoratidza chimwe chinhu chakananga / definite article) kuratidza kana chinhu chiri kutaurwa chichizivikanwa kana kuti chisingazivikanwe. Zvakare, chiMalagasy hachina kuenderana kwemashoko (concord) kwakadzama sechiShona. Muturikiri anofanira kungwarira kuti arege kuedza kumanikidzira zvivakwa zvechiShona muchiMalagasy, asi anofanira kutarisa nzira inoshandiswa nechiMalagasy kutsanangura huwandu nehuwandu (singular/plural) pasina kushandisa chivakashure chinochinja zvikuru sechiShona.
Maturikidzirwo echiito (Focus System) muchiMalagasy
ChiMalagasy chine chimwe chimiro chakaoma chezviito chinonzi Focus System (kana kuti voice system). Izvi zvinosanganisira kuisa pamberi mutsara zvichienderana nekuti chii chiri kunyanya kukosha mumutsara. Pane mhando nhatu huru dzezviito:
- Actor Focus (Muiti Focus): Apo muiti ari kuitisa chiito anenge ari iye akanyanya kukosha mumutsara uye anoiswa pakutanga.
- Goal Focus (Muitirwa Focus): Apo chinhu chiri kuitirwa chimwe chinhu chinenge chiri pamberi pamagadzirirwo emitsetse.
- Circumstantial Focus (Nguva/Nzvimbo Focus): Apo nzvimbo, nguva, kana mudziyo wakashandiswa kuita basa zvinoiswa pamberi semusoro wenyaya mukuru.
MuchiShona, tinoziva zvikuru kuvepo kwe Active Voice (Mutsara weMuiti) nePassive Voice (Mutsara weMuitirwa). Kushandurwa kwezviito izvi kunoda kuti muturikiri anyatsonzwisisa kuti chinangwa chemunyori wechiShona chaive chekuisa simba papi, kuitira kuti azosarudza Focus kwayo muchiMalagasy. Kana izvi zvikasaitwa nemazvo, shanduro inogona kunzwika seisina huremu kana kuti isinganzwisisike zvachose kune vanoverenga.
Mashoko Akafanana neHukama Hwenhoroondo (Bantu Influence)
Kunyange zvazvo mitauro iyi iri yemhuri dzakasiyana, pane zvinhu zvishoma zvinoita kuti vaturikiri vaone kufanana. Nekuda kwekutamiswa kwevanhu nekutengeserana kwakaitika muGungwa reIndia mazana emakore apfuura, chiMalagasy chine mashoko anobva kumitauro yeBantu (kunyanya chiSwahili nemimwe mitauro yeEast Africa). Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane mashoko mashoma anogona kunge akafanana nechiShona munguva ino:
- Mombe muchiShona inonzi "omby" muchiMalagasy.
- Mbudzi muchiShona inonzi "osy" muchiMalagasy.
- Huku muchiShona inonzi "akoho" muchiMalagasy.
- Nguva zhinji mudziyo kana mhuka zvinogona kuva nemashoko akafanana zvishoma nekuda kwehukama hwekare uhwu.
Kunyange zvazvo mashoko aya aripowo, muturikiri anofanira kungwarira zvakanyanya kudzivirira mashoko anonyengedza (false friends). Mamwe mashoko anogona kunzwika seakafanana asi aine revo dzakasiyana zvachose zvichienderana netsika nenzvimbo. Gara uchiongorora mashoko ose mumaduramazwi kwayo asati ashandiswa mumagwaro ehurumende kana emabhizimisi akakosha.
Kuturikira Tsika nemadimikira (Cultural Transcreation)
Mutauro wechiShona wakapfuma kwazvo neTsumo nemadimikira. Tsumo dzakaita sekuti "Kugona nhanho manhanhambiri, kudzika pasi unodzika nerutsoka" kana kuti "Chara chimwe hachitswanyi nda" hadzizombofi dzakashanda kana dzikashandurwa shoko neshoko (word-for-word translation) kuenda kuchiMalagasy. Tsika dzeMadagascar dzakadzika midzi munhoroondo yavo yekuremekedza madzitateguru (Razana) uye tsika yavo yepamutemo yekutaurirana inonzi Kabary.
Kabary itsika yekutaura nemadimikira enhetembo inoshandiswa kwazvo muMadagascar kuratidza ruremekedzo pamberi peruzhinji. Nekudaro, kana uchiendesa tsumo yechiShona kuchiMalagasy, muturikiri anofanira kutsvaga tsumo yechiMalagasy (Ohabolana) ine mweya kana chidzidzo chakafanana. Izvi zvinoda ruzivo rwekunzwisisa tsika dzeMadagascar zvakadzama kuitira kuti shanduro yacho isanyadzisa kana kurasikirwa nezvinoreva munyori wepakutanga.
Mazano Anobatsira Vaturikiri vese
Kuti uve nemhedzisiro yakanaka panguva yekuturikira kubva kuchiShona kuenda kuchiMalagasy, tevedzera matanho akakosha aya:
- Nzwisisa Context zvakazara: Usamhanyire kushandura mutsara nemutsara. Verenga gwaro rese rechiShona kuti unzwisise dingindira remunyori usati watanga kushandura.
- Shandisa VOS Structure Nemazvo: Rangarira nguva dzose kuti muchiMalagasy muiti wemutsara anowanzoiswa kumagumo. Ronga zvakare mafungiro ako kuitira kuti mutsara uve wemuno muMadagascar.
- Dzivisa Direct Translation: Ndiyo imwe yenzira huru dzinokonzeresa kukanganisa kwakanyanya muunyanzvi hwekuturikira. Ipa revo yechokwadi panzvimbo yemazita mamwe chete.
- Batanidza VaMalagasy Vemuno: Mushure mekuturikira, gara uine munhu akaberekerwa muMadagascar uye ane ruzivo rwakadzama rwemutauro uyu kuti aongorore gwaro rako kuitira kuona kuti rine kuyerera kwakanaka uye harigumbure tsika dzekuMadagascar.
Kuturikira pakati pechiShona nechiMalagasy inzira inonakidza kwazvo inobatanidza nyika mbiri dzakasiyana dzeAfrica nedunhu reGungwa reIndia. Kuburikidza nekuremekedza zvivakwa zvemitauro iyi, kutevedzera mitemo yegirama, uye kunzwisisa tsika dzevanhu, vaturikiri vanogona kuvaka bhiriji rakasimba rekukurukurirana pakati pevanhu vanotaura mitauro iyi inoyevedza.