Imiterere y'Ururimi n'Ubuhamya bw'Ikinyarwanda n'Icyongereza
Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa amagambo kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Cyongereza ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwambitse haba mu rurimi rukomokwaho ndetse no mu rurimi rusegurwa cyangwa ruhindurwamo. Ikinyarwanda n'Icyongereza ni indimi zikomoka mu miryango itandukanye cyane y'indimi. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwa Bantu rufite imiterere ishingiye ku ntera z'amazina (noun classes) n'ubwumvikane bw'inshinga n'amazina (subject-verb agreement), mu gihe Icyongereza ari ururimi rw'Ikigoronome (Indo-European) ruzwiho kugira imiterere y'interuro yoroshye kandi ishingiye cyane ku buryo bw'ijambo n'ijambo (Subject-Verb-Object).
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora akazi keza, agomba kumenya neza ko adahindura amagambo gusa, ahubwo ahindura ubutumwa, umuco, n'imitekerereze y'abavuga urwo rurimi. Ibi bivuze ko guhindura biva mu Kinyarwanda bijya mu Cyongereza bisaba gusobanukirwa neza aho ayo masano ahurira n'aho atandukanira, kugira ngo inyandiko ihinduwe igire umwimerere nk'uw'inyandiko yanditswe mu Cyongereza bwa mbere.
Inyubako y'Interuro n'Isano ry'Amagambo
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye abahinduzi bahura nazo ni uguhuza imiterere y'interuro y'indimi zombi. Mu Kinyarwanda, inshinga ishobora kwikorera ibice byinshi by'interuro binyuze mu bikoresho by'inyajwi n'ingombajwi. Urugero, inshinga nka "Nyakwandikira" ishobora gusaba interuro ndende mu Cyongereza nk'iyi: "I am writing to you." Ibi biterwa n'uko Ikinyarwanda ari ururimi rwa "synthetic" na "agglutinative", aho amagambo menshi yegeranywa akavamo ijambo rimwe rifite igisobanuro cyuzuye.
Mu Cyongereza, imiterere y'interuro ishingiye ku muvuno w'ibice by'inyandiko bizwi nka "Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)". Umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda kugira ngo atagira "ikinyarwanda cy'icyongereza" (literal translation or Kinyarwanda-influenced English). Kugira ngo ibi bikunde, umuhinduzi agomba gusesengura interuro y'Ikinyarwanda, agashaka igitekerezo nyamukuru, hanyuma akakubaka bundi bushya mu Cyongereza akoresheje imiterere iboneye kandi isanzwe mu Cyongereza.
Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikinyandagirira (Cultural Nuances and Idioms)
Umuco w'Abanyarwanda urutse cyane ku migani, inyito z'icyubahiro, n'imvugo z'ikigenzura. Guhindura iyi myandiko mu Cyongereza bisaba icyo inzobere mu buhinduzi zitita "transcreation" cyangwa guhindura hashingiwe ku muco. Urugero, imvugo nka "guca akenge" ntishobora guhindurwa ngo "to cut a small eye" cyangwa "to shave the intelligence". Mu Cyongereza, igisobanuro nyacyo cyabyo cyaba "to become wise" cyangwa "to open one's eyes to reality".
Urundi rugero ni amagambo arimo inyito z'icyubahiro n'isano y'imiryango nka "muramu wanjye", "mwene wacu", cyangwa "nyampinga". Mu Cyongereza, amagambo amwe nka "brother-in-law" ashobora kumvikana ariko ntahure neza n'uburemere bw'inyito y'Ikinyarwanda bitewe n'isano y'umuryango irimo. Umuhinduzi agomba guhitamo niba ashyiraho ibisobanuro by'inyyongera cyangwa niba akoresha ijambo rigereranya neza mu buryo bw'umuco ariko ritanga igisobanuro kidasobanya.
Ibikoresho n'Inkoranyamagambo Bikwiriye Gukoreshwa
Kugira ngo akazi ko guhindura kanoze kagende neza, umuhinduzi akeneye ibikoresho byizewe. Hano hari inkoranyamagambo zimwe na zimwe n'amashakiro y'ingenzi:
- Inkoranyamagambo y'Ikinyarwanda ya IRST/MINISPOC: Iki ni igikoresho cy'ingenzi cyane gifasha gusobanukirwa neza inyito z'amajambo y'Ikinyarwanda y'umwimerere mbere yo kuyashakira ayagereranya mu Cyongereza.
- Kinyarwanda.net cyangwa inkoranyamagambo zo kuri internet: Zifasha cyane mu kubona amagambo agezweho n'uburyo akoreshwa mu nteruro zitandukanye.
- Ibikoresho bya CAT (Computer-Assisted Translation Tools): Nka SDL Trados, Memsource, cyangwa Smartcat. Nubwo izi software zidafite ubumenyi buhagije bw'ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda nk'uko bimeze ku zindi ndimi z'amahanga, zifasha cyane mu kubika amagambo (Translation Memory) no guhuza inyito zikoreshwa kenshi.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda n'Icyongereza
Kugira ngo ugere ku rwego rwo guhindura neza cyane, dore inama z'inzobere ukwiriye gukurikiza:
- Soma ubanze usobanukirwe inyandiko yose: Mbere yo gutangira guhindura ijambo ku rindi, soma inyandiko yose y'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo umenye intego yayo, umuryango yagenewe (target audience), n'ijambo ry'intego (tone). Ibi bifasha kwirinda guhindura amagambo mu buryo butanga igisobanuro kitaricho.
- Koresha imvugo isanzwe mu Cyongereza: Mu gihe uhindura, irinde kwandika interuro ndende cyane nk'uko zikunze gukoreshwa mu Kinyarwanda. Icyongereza gikunda interuro ngufi, zisobanutse kandi zerekeza ku ntego (direct and concise).
- Itondere inyito z'amateka n'inzego z'ubuyobozi: Amazina y'inzego z'ubuyobozi mu Rwanda nk'Akagari, Umurenge, cyangwa Akarere akenshi ntayahindurwa mu Cyongereza ahubwo yandikwa nk'uko ari mu Kinyarwanda (nko kwandika "Cell", "Sector", "District") cyangwa akagumana inyito y'umwimerere ariko hakajyaho ibisobanuro mu dukorezo.
- Kora isubiramo (Proofreading) inshuro nyinshi: Inyandiko ikimara guhindurwa iba ikirimo amakosa menshi y'imyandikire n'imiterere y'interuro. Ni byiza kuyisoma neza cyangwa ukayiha undi muntu ufite ubumenyi akayisoma kugira ngo akosore aho bitumvikana neza.
Ingero z'Amagambo n'Interuro zihindurwa mu buryo butandukanye
Dore ingero zimwe na zimwe zerekana uburyo guhindura ku buryo bw'ijambo ku rindi bishobora gutanga igisobanuro cyiza cyangwa kigoramye:
| Interuro mu Kinyarwanda | Guhindura mu buryo bw'ijambo ku rindi | Guhindura mu buryo bw'inyabupfura n'inzobere |
|---|---|---|
| Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda | Respected President of the Republic of Rwanda | His Excellency the President of the Republic of Rwanda |
| Ndakumenyesha ko inama yimuriwe ejo | I inform you that the meeting is moved tomorrow | Please be informed that the meeting has been postponed to tomorrow |
| Yariye umunyu mwinshi | He ate a lot of salt | He has lived a long life / He is very experienced |
| Nta mvura idafite igicu | No rain without a cloud | Every cloud has a silver lining / There is no smoke without fire |
Umusaruro w'Ubuhinduzi Bunoze ku Bukungu n'Umuco
Ubuhinduzi bwiza bufungurira u Rwanda amarembo y'amahirwe mu nyanja mpuzamahanga. Haba mu bucuruzi, ubukerarugendo, amateka, ndetse n'uburezi, guhindura ku buryo bw'umwimerere ibyanditswe mu Kinyarwanda bijya mu Cyongereza bituma amahanga asobanukirwa neza ukuri kw'amateka y'u Rwanda, uburanga bw'igihugu, ndetse n'amahirwe y'ishoramari ahari. Ni yo mpamvu abahinduzi bagomba guhora bakuza ubumenyi bwabo kandi bagakurikiza amategeko n'amabwiriza y'ubuhinduzi bw'indimi kugira ngo inyandiko zabo zibe inyamibwa kandi zihangane ku isoko mpuzamahanga.