Ukuguqulela phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezingafaniyo ngokwembali, ijografi, kunye nendlela ezakhiwe ngayo kulucelomngeni olukhulu kodwa olubangela umdla kakhulu. IsiXhosa, esilulwimi lwesintu oluthethwa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika (ingakumbi kwiPhondo leMpuma Koloni kunye naseNtshona Koloni), silulwimi olwakhiwe ngeeklasi zezibizo kunye nezimaphambili ezidityaniswayo (agglutinative language). Ngakolunye icala, isiWelsh (okanye iCymraeg, njengoko sizibiza njalo ngolwimi lwaseWales), silulwimi lwamaCelt (Celtic language) oluthethwa eWales kwi-United Kingdom. Oku kuguqulela kudibanisa amasiko ahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zeelwimi ezaziwa kakhulu ngeenguqulelo zamaqabane okuqala kunye nokwakheka kwezivesi okuqala ngesenzi. Olu phando lucacisa amalinge, iingxaki, kunye neendlela zokujongana nolu guqulelo lubalulekileyo kule minyaka yethu yanamhlanje.
Umahluko kuKwakheka kweZivesi (Syntactic Structure) kunye neZiphumo Zako
Omnye weyona mingeni mikhulu xa uguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiWelsh kukuphazamiseka kwendlela izivesi ezakhiwe ngayo. IsiXhosa silandela inkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Umzekelo, kwisivesi esithi: "Inkwenkwe ifunda incwadi," isihloko (Inkwenkwe) siza kuqala, silandelwe sisenzi (ifunda), kwaye kugqitywe ngento eyenziwayo (incwadi). Le nkqubo iyafana nesiNgesi kwaye kulula ukuyiqonda kwiilwimi ezininzi zale mihla eMzantsi Afrika nakwihlabathi jikelele.
Noko kunjalo, isiWelsh silandela inkqubo ye-VSO (Verb-Subject-Object). Oku kuthetha ukuba isenzi siza kuqala kwisivesi, silandelwe sisihloko, kwaye into eyenziwayo ize ekugqibeleni. Ukuba besinokuguqulela isivesi esingentla ngqo ngendlela yesiWelsh, singathi: "Ifunda inkwenkwe incwadi" (Darllenai'r bachgen y llyfr). Kuxa umguquli eguqulela esuka kwisiXhosa esiya kwisiWelsh apho kufuneka aguqule ngokupheleleyo indlela azicingela ngayo izivesi. Oku kudinga ingqondo elula nekhawulezayo ekwaziyo ukubeka isenzo kuqala ngaphandle kokulahleka kwentsingiselo yentsusa yomhlathi wesiXhosa. Ukuba le nto ayenziwanga ngobunono, umbhalo omaphepha ovelisiweyo uza kuvakala uqinile, ungenabuchule bokuselula, kwaye ungavakali kakuhle kubafundi baseWales.
IiKlasi zeZibizo zesiXhosa kunye neSini kwiWelsh: Indlela yokuZidibanisa
IsiXhosa sisebenzisa inkqubo ebanzi kakhulu yeeklasi zezibizo (noun classes), apho izibizo zihlulwa ngokwamaqela amathandathu linesibini (15+ classes). Iklasi nganye inesiphambili sayo esilawula isivumelanisi sentshukumo, isivumelanisi senjongo, kunye nezichazi kwisivesi sonke. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-alliterative agreement. Xa umguquli ezama ukukhupha le ntsingiselo ukuyisa kwisiWelsh, ukungqubana kweenkqubo zolwimi kuyabonakala.
Kukwazalelwa apha ukuba kwisiXhosa, izibizo zineelwimi ezithintelayo ngokuxhomekeka kwiiklasi zezibizo ezifana neklasi yoku-1 (umntu), iklasi yesi-2 (abantu), iklasi yesi-3 (umthi), iklasi yesi-4 (imithi), njalo-njalo. Isivumelanisi sentshukumo (subject concord) silawulwa yile klasi. Umzekelo, "Umfundi uyabhala" kodwa "Abafundi bayabhala". Oku kufuna ukuba xa kuguqulelwa kwisiWelsh, umguquli atsale ingqwalasela kwindlela izivumelanisi zesiWelsh ezisebenza ngayo neziphatha izibizo ezinobuningi okanye ezingatshintshiyo kuxhomekeka kwisini.
IsiWelsh sona asisebenzisi klasi zezibizo zesiBantu, kodwa sisebenzisa inkqubo yesini (grammatical gender) – isini sobudoda (masculine) kunye nesini sobufazi (feminine). Le nkqubo yesini eWelsh ilawula iinguqulelo zamaqabane okuqala (initial consonant mutations). Xa isibizo sikwisini sobufazi kwaye silandelwa lulwimi oluthile okanye isichazi, isandi sokuqala seso sibizo siyaguquka (soft mutation). Ngoko ke, umguquli kufuneka aqonde ukuba iziphumo zeeklasi zezibizo zesiXhosa kufuneka ziguqulelwe ngendlela enonopheleyo ukuze zihambelane kakuhle nemigaqo yesini kunye neenguqulelo zamaqabane zesiWelsh.
Iinguqulelo zamaQabane (Consonant Mutations) kwiWelsh kunye neZandi zesiXhosa
Ukuqonda inkqubo yeenguqulelo zamaqabane (Treigladau ngesiWelsh) yenye yezinto ezinkulu ezenza isiWelsh sahluke. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeenguqulelo zamaqabane kule lulwimi: soft mutation (treiglad meddal), nasal mutation (treiglad trwynol), kunye ne-aspirate mutation (treiglad llaes). Oku kuthetha ukuba unobumba wokuqala wegama angatshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwigama elingaphambili.
Umzekelo obambekayo: Igama lesiWelsh elithi "pêl" elithetha "ibhola" lingatshintsha unobumba wokuqala abe ngu-"b" (bêl) emva kwesalathandawo esithile, okanye libe ngu-"mh" (mhel) emva kwesimelabizo esithi "fy" (yam), okanye libe ngu-"ph" (phel) kwiimeko ezithile zomahluko. Oku kwenza ukuba umguquli wesiXhosa kufuneka ahlale ethe thaca kuba isiXhosa sisebenzisa izakhiwo zokwakha izimaphambili nezivumelanisi ukubonisa ezi meko.
Nangona isiXhosa singenazo iinguqulelo zamaqabane okuqala ngale ndlela yesiWelsh, sisebenzisa utshintsho lweziphambili kunye nokhathalelo lwezandi (phonological rules) njengokuhlanganiswa kwezandi zolwimi (vowel elision kunye ne-coalescence). Umzekelo, xa sithi "esikolweni" (ukuya esikolweni ukusuka kwisibizo "isikolo"), kukho utshintsho olwenzekayo kunesiphambili nasaphelo. Umguquli osebenza ngeelwimi zozibini kufuneka abe nobuchule obungaphaya bokubona ezi patheni zophendulo lwezandi ukuze angabhali izinto ezingachanekanga ngokwemithetho yelwimi zombini, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba abantu bangaluqondi ulwazi oluguquliweyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kweZaci, amaQhalo, kunye neNkcubeko enzulu
Uguqulelo lwenkcubeko (transcreation) lunenxaxheba enkulu xa kuguqulelwa izaci namaqhalo phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezinembali eyahlukileyo. IsiXhosa sinobutyebi obukhulu beelwimi nezagweba ezixhomekeke kwindlela yokuphila yamaXhosa, imfuyo, ezolimo, kunye nentlonipho (uhlonipho). Umzekelo, amaqhalo anjengathi: "Ukuhamba kukufunda" okanye "Inja yomoya ayithintelwa" anemvelaphi enzulu kwintlalo-ntle yamaXhosa.
Ukuba umguquli uzama ukuguqulela la maqhalo ngokuthe ngqo (literal translation) aye kwisiWelsh, intsingiselo iya kulahleka kwaye abafundi besiWelsh abayi kuyiqonda intsingiselo eyiyo. Umzekelo, isaci sesiXhosa esithi "Akukho nkomo yafika luthuli" singadinga isaci sesiWelsh esineempawu ezifanayo zempumelelo okanye umsebenzi onzima ophuma kumvelaphi yamaWelsh, anjengalawo athetha ngeemeko zemozulu, iintaba, okanye amakholwa asemaphandleni. Imisebenzi efana nale ifuna umguquli ongagcini nje ngokwazi amagama, kodwa oqonda imbali kunye nengqondo yabantu beelwimi zozibini ukuze akwazi ukudala ibhulorho yokwenene phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini.
AmaCebo aGqibeleleyo kubaguquli besixhosa ukuya kwisiWelsh
Ukuze ukwazi ukwenza umsebenzi okumgangatho ophezulu nowamkelekileyo kwiinjini zokukhangela (SEO optimized), nantsi imigaqo nemisebenzi emele ukulandelwa ngumguquli:
- Khangela iintsingiselo ezingafaniyo: Musa ukuguqulela igama negama. Soloko ujonge umongo (context) wesivesi sonke ngaphambi kokukhetha igama lesiWelsh elifanelekileyo.
- Sebenzisa izichazi-magama ezigwenxa: Sebenzisa izixhobo dhedijithali kunye nezichazi-magama ezigxile kwiilwimi zamaCelt namaBantu ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo ye-morphology iyathotyelwa ngokupheleleyo.
- Hlola utshintsho lwamaqabane: Gqithisa umbhalo wakho kumntu othetha isiWelsh njengolwimi lwakhe lokuqala (native speaker) ukuze ahlolisise ukuba iinguqulelo zamaqabane zibhaliwe ngokuchanekileyo.
- Gcina isitayile nethoni yentsusa: Ukuba umbhalo wesiXhosa ubhalwe ngesimbo sentlonipho okanye isikhundla esithile, qinisekisa ukuba esi simbo siyabonakala nakumbhalo wesiWelsh usebenzisa izimelabizo ezifanelekileyo (ezifana nokuhlula phakathi kwe-"ti" engafanelekanga kunye ne-"chi" entle nehloniphekileyo kwiWelsh).
Ukuhlanganiswa kweelwimi kwiiTeknoloji zale Mihla kunye ne-SEO
Ngenxa yokukhula kweteknoloji kunye nengqondo yokwenziwa (Artificial Intelligence), ukuguqulelwa kweelwimi ezincinci okanye ezingafumani nkxaso eyaneleyo kwi-intanethi (low-resource languages) kufuna umzamo obalulekileyo. IsiXhosa nesiWelsh ziwela phantsi kweli qela xa kuthelekiswa neelwimi ezinkulu ezifana nesiNgesi nesiSpanish. Ngenxa yoko, abaguquli basebenzisa iteknoloji kufuneka badale imithombo yolwazi emitsha (parallel corpora) ukuze bancede iinkqubo zokuguqulela zekhompyutha zifunde ngakumbi ngolwalamano lwezi lwimi zombini.
Ukubhala amanqaku afana neli, akhuthaza ulwazi malunga nezi lwimi, kunegalelo elikhulu ekwenzeni ukuba ezi lwimi zombini zibonakale kwi-intanethi, nto leyo ephucula ukufumaneka kwazo kwiinjini zokukhangela ezifana neGoogle neBing. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi-SEO yeelwimi eziphuhlileyo, apho sisebenzisa amagama-tshixo afanelekileyo ukuze sitsale umdla wabantu abafuna ulwazi olunzulu ngoguqulelo phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiWelsh. Ngokuphuhlisa oku, sizisa iinkcubeko zombini kufutshane kwaye sinceda uluntu olusebenzisa ezi lwimi ukuba luqhubele phambili kwihlabathi ledijithali.