Muhimmancin Fassarar Hausa Zuwa Icelandic a Zamanin Yau
A cikin duniyar yau da ke kara dunkulewa wuri guda saboda ci gaban fasaha da sadarwa, fassara tsakanin harsunan da ba su da alaka ta kut-kut tana samun karbuwa sosai. Fassarar rubutu daga harshen Hausa, wanda yake daya daga cikin manyan harsunan Afirka ta Yamma (karkashin gidan harsunan Afroasiatic), zuwa harshen Icelandic (ko kuma Harshen Iceland), wanda yake na dangin harsunan Indo-European na Arewacin Turai, babban aiki ne mai cike da kalubale da ban sha'awa. Wannan fassara ba kawai sauya kalmomi ba ce daga wani harshe zuwa wani; tana bukatar zurfafa tunani, fahimtar al'adu, da kuma sanin rukunin tsarin nahawu na kowane harshe. Ga masu fassara, kwararru, da masana harshe, fahimtar wadannan hanyoyi yana da matukar muhimmanci domin tabbatar da cewa an isar da sako daidai kuma cikin sauki ga masu karatu a kasar Iceland.
Bambance-Bambancen Tsarin Nahawu Tsakanin Hausa da Icelandic
Babban kalubale na farko da mai fassara ke fuskanta yayin canza rubutu daga Hausa zuwa Icelandic shi ne tsarin nahawu da ginin jimloli. Harshen Hausa yana amfani da tsarin nan na SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) a yawancin jimloli, kuma yana da sauki sosai wajen tsarin lakabace-lakabace idan aka kwatanta shi da harsunan Turai. A daya bangaren kuma, harshen Icelandic yana daya daga cikin harsunan da suka fi kiyaye tsohon tsarin nahawu na Jamusanci (Old Norse). Yana da tsari mai sarkakiya na canza karshen kalmomi dangane da matsayinsu a cikin jimla (inflectional system ko cases).
- Tsarin Lakabin Suna (Cases): A harshen Icelandic, sunaye suna canzawa ta hanyoyi hudu: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, da Genitive. Misali, kalma guda daya za ta iya daukar fuskoki daban-daban dangane da aikatau ko rigar jimla da ta zo da ita. A harshen Hausa kuma, babu wannan tsarin na canza karshen kalmomi; a maimakon haka, muna amfani da particles ko kuma tsarin kalmomi a cikin jimla domin nuna alakar kalmomi da juna.
- Jinsi (Gender): Harshen Hausa yana da jinsi guda biyu kacal (Namiji da Mace), yayin da harshen Icelandic yake da jinsi guda uku (Namiji, Mace, da tsaka-tsaki ko Neuter). Wannan yana nufin mai fassarar Hausa dole ne ya yi taka-tsantsan wajen tantance wane jinsi ya kamata a bai wa wata kalma a cikin Icelandic, musamman idan kalmar ba ta da rai.
- Aikatau (Verbs) da Lokuta (Tenses): Aikatau a harshen Hausa yana tafiya ne gare da wakilin suna na musamman wanda ke nuna lokaci (kamar 'na tafi', 'ina tafiya', 'zan tafi'). A Icelandic kuwa, aikatau da kansa yake canzawa domin nuna lokaci, yanayi, da kuma adadi (singular ko plural).
Kalubalen Al'adu da Kalaman Cikin Gida (Idioms and Cultural Context)
Harshe madubin al'umma ne. Harshen Hausa yana dauke da dimbin karin magana, kalaman hikima, da kuma kalmomi masu alaka da addinin Musulunci, rayuwar karkara, da al'adun Yammacin Afirka. Icelandic kuma harshe ne da ke da alaka mai karfi da tarihin Vikings, yanayin sanyi na Arewacin duniya (glaciers da volcanoes), da kuma al'adun addinin Kiristanci da na da can. Don haka, fassara karin maganar Hausa kai tsaye zuwa Icelandic na iya rasa ma'ana gaba gaba.
Misali, kalmar Hausa kamar "Gaba da gabanta" ko "Kaza mai kwane..." ba za a fassara su kalma-dajin-kalma ba. Mai fassara dole ne ya nemi kalamai ko karin magana da ke da daidaitacciyar ma'ana a al'adance a kasar Iceland. Wannan tsari ana kiransa 'Cultural Equivalence' ko daidaiton al'ada. Haka kuma, kalmomin da suka shafi addini ko abinci irin su 'Tuwo', 'Kunu', ko 'Sallah' a harshen Hausa na bukatar bayani na musamman ko fassarar kwatanci a Icelandic tun da babu irin wadannan abubuwa ko al'adu kai tsaye a kasar ta Iceland.
Dabarun Fassara da Kwarewa Daga Hausa Zuwa Icelandic
Domin samun fassara mai inganci wadda za ta gamsar da mai karatu a kasar Iceland, mai fassara yana bukatar amfani da wasu dabarun aiki na musamman:
- Fassara ta Ma'ana (Semantic Translation): Kar a tsaya a kan fassarar kalma-zuwa-kalma. A ko da yaushe a maida hankali a kan sakon da asalin marubucin yake son isarwa. Karanta jimlar gaba daya, fahimci ma'anarta, sannan ka sake gina ta a Icelandic ta amfani da tsarin nahawunsu na musamman.
- Amfani da Kamus da Kayan Aiki na Zamani: Saboda rashin wadatattun kamus na kai tsaye tsakanin Hausa da Icelandic, mai fassara na iya amfani da harshen turanci a matsayin gada (bridge language). Wato a fassara daga Hausa zuwa Turanci, sannan daga Turanci zuwa Icelandic. Amma fa, dole ne a kiyaye kada a rasa ma'ana ta asali yayin wannan dogon tsari.
- Tattaunawa da Masana Harshe: Tuntubar mutanen da harshen Icelandic ko Hausa yake na asali a gare su (native speakers) yana da matukar tasiri wajen gano kuskure da kuma gyara kalaman da ba su fito fili ba.
Muhimman Nasihu ga Masu Fassarar Hausa da Icelandic
Ga duk wanda ke son yin fice a wannan fanni na fassarar harsunan Hausa da Icelandic, ga wasu shawarwari masu amfani:
Na farko, yana da matukar muhimmanci a bunkasa ilimin sanin kalmomi (vocabulary) na kowane harshe. Harshen Icelandic sananne ne wajen kin karbar kalmomin aro na kasashen waje (linguistic purism); maimakon haka, suna kera sabbin kalmomi daga tsofaffin kalmomin kasarsu domin bayyana sabbin abubuwa na kimiyya da fasaha. Don haka, mai fassara dole ne ya kasance mai bincike akai-akai domin sanin sabbin kalmomin da ake amfani da su.
Na biyu, kiyaye salon rubutu (tone and style). Idan asalin rubutun na Hausa na yau da kullum ne (informal), to fassarar Icelandic ita ma ya kamata ta kasance cikin wannan salo. Idan kuma rubutu ne na hukuma ko na kimiyya (formal), to dole ne a yi amfani da kalmomi masu daraja da daidaito a nahawance. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye mutuncin asalin rubutun da kuma tabbatar da cewa mai karatu ya ji dadin karatun.
A karshe, gudanar da bita (proofreading) bayan an gama fassarar. Bita tana taimakawa wajen gano kurakuran rubutu, matsalolin nahawu, da kuma daidaita kwararar jimloli domin rubutun ya zama kamar a cikin harshen Icelandic aka rubuta shi tun asali.