Ubuhinduzi hagati y'indimi zo mu miryango itandukanye ni bumwe mu buryo bukomeye bwo guhuza imico no koroshya itumanaho ku isi. Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda (ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Ababantu cyangwa Bantu) ugana mu Gijavanese (ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abanyawositironeziya cyangwa Austronesian rwizerwa cyane mu birwa bya Java muri Indoneziya) bishingira ku nkingi zikomeye z'imiterere y'indimi n'umuco. Uyu mushinga urasaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'imiterere y'indimi zombi kugira ngo ubutumwa buhindurwe neza hatabayeho gutakaza ibisobanuro byabwo by'umwimerere.
1. Igereranya ry'Imiterere y'Indimi Zombi (Comparative Linguistic Structure)
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora akazi ke neza, agomba gusobanukirwa neza aho izi ndimi zombi zihurira n'aho zitandukanira mu bijyanye n'ikibonezamvugo, inyito n'imiterere y'ijambo.
Imiterere y'Ikinyarwanda
Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwa agglutinative (rushingiye ku kwomeka uturemajambo twinshi ku muzi w'ijambo) kandi rushingiye cyane ku nteko z'amazina (noun classes). Buri zina rigomba kugira inteko yaryo igenga isanisha ry'inshinga, ibihembo, n'ibinyazina bishamikiyeho. Inshinga mu Kinyarwanda ziratunganywa cyane aho zishobora kwakira uturemajambo twinshi twerekana umwanya, igihe, inshinga-mubazi, n'utundi tuntu twinshi mu jambo rimwe (urugero: "bakagusangirirayo"). Ibi bituma ijambo rimwe rishobora gusobanura interuro yose mu zindi ndimi.
Imiterere y'Igijavanese
Igijavanese cyo nacyo gifite ikibonezamvugo cyacyo kihariye ariko ntigishingiye ku nteko z'amazina nk'iz'Ikinyarwanda. Kibamo ikoreshwa ry'inyongera z'ijambo (prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes) kugira ngo hahindurwe inyito y'inshinga cyangwa izina. Igikomeye kurusha ibindi mu Gijavanese ni ikoreshwa ry'inzego z'imivugire (speech levels/registers) zishingiye ku cyubahiro n'umubano hagati y'ubazwa n'ubaza. Izi nzego zigabanywamo amatsinda atatu y'ingenzi: Ngoko (imivugire isanzwe/informal), Krama (imivugire y'icyubahiro/formal), na Krama Inggil (imivugire yo mu rwego rwo hejuru cyane y'icyubahiro ikoreshwa mu rwego rwo kubaha umuntu mukuru cyangwa ufite icyubahiro kidasanzwe).
2. Inzitizi Zikomeye mu Buhinduzi (Key Challenges in Translation)
Umuhinduzi uhindura hagati y'izi ndimi zombi ahura n'ibibazo byihariye biterwa n'amateka, umuco, n'imikoreshereze y'indimi:
- Guhindura inzego z'icyubahiro (Register Matching): Mu Kinyarwanda, icyubahiro cyerekanwa cyane no gukoresha amagambo amwe na bamwe yihariye (urugero: guhembuka aho kurya, gutabaruka aho gupfa, no gukoresha "mwebwe" nk'icyubahiro). Mu Gijavanese, iki cyubahiro kigomba guhindurwa hakoreshejwe urwego rukwiye rwa Krama cyangwa Krama Inggil. Guhitamo urwego rudakwiye bishobora gufatwa n'Abajavanese nk'agasuzuguro cyangwa kutagira umuco.
- Isanisha ry'Inshinga (Verb Agglutination vs. Particle Use): Inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda zumvikanisha uburyo bw'impamvu, icyerekezo, n'abakozi mu buryo buziguye binyuze mu tureremajambo. Mu Gijavanese, ubu buryo buhindurwa hakoreshejwe amagambo yunganira inshinga (helper verbs/particles) cyangwa inyongera nka "-ake" na "-i". Umuhinduzi agomba kugira ubushishozi buhambaye kugira ngo atabyaza interuro imvugo itumvikana neza.
- Inyito n'Imico (Cultural Untranslatability): Mu Kinyarwanda hari amagambo afite inyito zumvikana gusa mu muco nyarwanda, cyane cyane arebana n'inka (urugero: inyambo, ishashi, inyagazi) cyangwa imihango gakondo. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, mu Gijavanese na bo bafite amagambo n'inyito bifite inkomoko mu muco wabo w'ubuhinzi bw'umuceri n'imyizerere gakondo (urugero: nk'umuceri ukiri mu murima nka "padi", umuceri washewe nka "gabah", umuceri ucyuye nka "beras", cyangwa umuceri utetse nka "sego").
3. Inama z'Inzobere mu Buhinduzi (Expert Tips for Translators)
Kugira ngo ubuhinduzi bwawe bube ubw'urwego rwo hejuru kandi bwizewe, kurikiza izi nama z'inzobere:
- Kora isesengura ry'imikoreshereze y'inyandiko (Contextual Analysis): Mbere yo gutangira guhindura, banza umenye neza uwo inyandiko igenewe (target audience). Niba ari umwandiko w'amategeko, ubucuruzi cyangwa ubuvuzi, umenya ko ugomba gukoresha urwego rwa Krama mu Gijavanese. Niba ari inkuru isanzwe y'abana cyangwa iy'incuti, urwego rwa Ngoko rushobora kuba ari rwo rukwiye.
- Ibyerekeye Inyito n'Ibisingizo (Avoid Word-for-Word Translation): Ntugerageze guhindura buri jambo nk'uko ryakabaye (literal translation). Ahubwo, shakisha igitekerezo rusange cyangwa inyito (concept) iri mu Kinyarwanda hanyuma uyishakire igisobanuro gikwiye cyumvikana neza mu muco n'ururimi rw'Ikijavanese.
- Koresha inkoranya n'ibikoresho bikwiye (Use Dictionaries and CAT Tools): Koresha inkoranya zizewe z'indimi zombi, kandi ugishe inama inzobere z'indimi zombi igihe cyose uhuye n'ijambo ririmo urujijo. Bitewe n'uko ubuhinduzi bw'imbonankubone bw'izi ndimi zombi bushobora kuba butaragwira mu bikoresho bya mudasobwa, gukoresha urundi rurimi ruguhuza (urugero nka Cyongereza cyangwa Ikihindi) nk'ikiraro (pivot language) bishobora kwifashishwa ariko hakenewe ubushishozi kugira ngo ubutumwa butajenjeka.
- Soma kandi unonosore (Proofreading and Localization): Igihe cyose urangije guhindura, bashe gusoma inyandiko yawe uhereye ku musozo ugana ku ntangiriro cyangwa se utume umuntu uvuga Igijavanese nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko (native speaker) ayisoma kugira ngo agukosorere imivugire yose ishobora kuba itumvikana neza cyangwa itaboneye mu rwego rw'umuco.
Umwanzuro n'Ahazaza h'Ubuhinduzi
Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gijavanese birasaba ubwitonzi, ubumenyi n'ubushakashatsi buhoraho. Gushyira imbaraga mu gusobanukirwa umuco n'imiterere y'indimi zombi bituma umuhinduzi abasha kubaka ikiraro gikomeye cy'itumanaho rinoze. Mu gihe ikoranabuhanga ririmo gutera imbere, amahirwe yo kwagura ubuhinduzi hagati y'izi ndimi zombi aragenda yiyongera, bityo kwiga no gusobanukirwa aya mategeko akaba ari ishingiro ryo kugera ku buhinduzi bw'indashyikirwa n'akazi karangwa n'ubunyamwuga.