Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujyana mu Kiyoruba (Yoruba) ni umushinga w'indimi utoroshye ariko ushimishije cyane. Nubwo izi ndimi zombi zibarizwa muri Afurika, zifite imiterere n'imyubakire bitandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'ikibantu (Bantu language) rukoresha uburyo bwo kwomeka (agglutinative language), mu gihe Ikiyoruba rwo ari ururimi rwo mu muryango wa Volta-Niger rukoresha amajwi y'indimi (tonal language) kandi rukaba rwarubatswe mu buryo bw'isesengura (analytic/isolating language). Kuri ubu, kubera kwaguka kw'ikoranabuhanga n'ubuhahirane hagati y'ibihugu bya Afurika yo hagati n'iyo mu Burengerazuba, gukenera ubuhinduzi bwizewe hagati y'izi ndimi zombi biragenda byiyongera. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bw'imyandikire, imiterere y'interuro, n'umuco, hagamijwe guha abahinduzi n'inzobere mu zindi ndimi amabwiriza n'inama zibafasha gukora ubuhinduzi bunoze.
Isesengura ry'Imiterere y'Ikibonezamvugo n'Imyubakire y'Interuro
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora akazi ke neza, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa neza aho izi ndimi zombi zitandukaniye mu myubakire y'interuro. Ikinyarwanda cyubakiye ku matsinda y'amazina (noun classes), aho izina ryose rigomba kugira akaremajambo k'imbere (prefix) kagaragaza itsinda ririmo. Ibi bigena kandi n'uburyo ibinyazina, ibihoza, n'inshinga binyuranye mu nteruro bigomba guhuza n'iryo zina (concordial agreement). Urugero, mu Kinyarwanda tuvuga ngo "Umugabo muremure aragenda" cyangwa "Abagabo barebare baragenda". Hano, inshinga n'ikitera birahuzwa hakoreshejwe uduremajambo "u-", "a-", "aba-", n'ibindi.
Ku rundi ruhande, Ikiyoruba nta matsinda y'amazina nk'ayo kigira. Ni ururimi rukoresha amagambo adahinduka cyane (isolating language), aho inshinga n'amazina bidahindura ishusho yabyo ngo bigaragaze ubwinshi cyangwa amatsinda. Mu Kiyoruba, ubwinshi bw'amazina bugaragazwa hakoreshejwe ijambo ryihariye ry'inyongera ryitwa "awọn" rishyirwa imbere y'izina. Urugero, "man" mu Kiyoruba ni "ọkùnrin", naho "men" bikaba "awọn ọkùnrin". Imyubakire y'interuro mu Kiyoruba naho ni Igitera-Inshinga-Ubwuzuzi (SVO), ariko nta bihuzwa by'akaremajambo (concord prefixes) nk'ibyo mu Kinyarwanda biba mu nshinga. Ibi bishaka kuvuga ko iyo uhindura uva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Kiyoruba, ugomba gusenya imiterere y'akaremajambo yo mu Kinyarwanda, ukayisobanura ukoresheje amagambo yigenga n'inyongeragaciro mu Kiyoruba.
Imbogamizi z'Inshinga n'Ibihe byazo
Ibihe by'inshinga (verb tenses and aspects) bigize imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye mu buhinduzi bwo hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikiyoruba. Ikinyarwanda gifite gahunda y'ibihe isobanutse neza kandi ikungahaye cyane. Ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda rushobora kugaragaza igihe gishize cya bugufi cyane (recent past), igihe gishize cya kure (remote past), igihe kizaza cya bugufi, n'igihe kizaza cya kure, byose bikanyuzwa mu duce tw'amagambo twometse ku nshinga. Urugero, inshinga "gukora" ishobora guhinduka ikaba "nakoze" (mu gihe gishize cya bugufi), cyangwa "narakoze" (mu gihe gishize cya kure), ndetse na "nkoze" (uburyo bw'akanya kashize).
Mu Kiyoruba, imiterere y'inshinga yo ntabwo ihinduka hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kwomeka (prefixes/suffixes) ngo yerekane ibihe bitandukanye. Aho kubikora bityo, Ikiyoruba rukoresha uturemajambo tw'ibihe (aspectual markers/particles) twinjizwa mu nteruro imbere y'inshinga idahindutse. Urugero:
- Igihe gishize kigaragazwa n'ijambo "ti" (Urugero: "Mo ti ṣiṣẹ" - Nakoze).
- Igihe cy'ubu kigenda kiba kigaragazwa n'akajambo "ń" (Urugero: "Mo ń ṣiṣẹ" - Ndi gukora).
- Igihe kizaza kigaragazwa n'ijambo "máa" (Urugero: "Mo máa ṣiṣe" - Nzakora).
Umuhinduzi agomba kuba maso cyane kugira ngo atabyitiranya, kuko kwibeshya ku kajambo na kamwe ko mu Kiyoruba bishobora guhindura rwose icyo interuro yo mu Kinyarwanda yasobanuraga, by'umwihariko ku bijyanye n'igihe ibintu byabereye cyangwa bizarangirira.
Gukoresha Inshinga Zikurikirana (Serial Verb Constructions) mu Kiyoruba
Ikiyoruba kizwiho gukoresha cyane uburyo bw'inshinga zikurikirana (Serial Verb Constructions - SVC). Ibi bivuze ko mu nteruro imwe, hashobora kuboneka inshinga ebyiri cyangwa zirenga zikurikiranye nta jambo rizihuza (nka "kandi" cyangwa "kugira ngo") riyemo, ariko zose zikaba zivuga ku gikorwa kimwe cyangwa igikorwa n'ingaruka zacyo. Urugero, kugira ngo bavuge "Yazanye igitabo", mu Kiyoruba bavuga ngo "Ó gbé ìwé wá" (literal: Yafashe igitabo yaza).
Mu Kinyarwanda, ubu uburyo ntabwo bukunze gukoreshwa. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha inshinga zifashishwa (auxiliary verbs) cyangwa interuro zometseho utwungirizo. Iyo umuhinduzi atazi ubu buryo bw'inshinga zikurikirana zo mu Kiyoruba, ashobora gukora ubuhinduzi budafite injyana ikwiye cyangwa bwumvikana nko guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation). Kugira ngo ubu buhinduzi bwumvikane neza ku munyakiyoruba, umuhinduzi agomba kumenya uko ahuza inshinga ebyiri mu Kiyoruba kugira ngo zikore igitekerezo kimwe cyatanzwe n'inshinga imwe y'Ikinyarwanda.
Umuco, Imigani n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo
Ubuhinduzi buhebuje ntabwo ari uguhindura amagambo gusa, ahubwo ni no guhindura umuco (cultural translation). Ikinyarwanda n'Ikiyoruba byose bikungahaye ku mvugo z'ikigereranyo, imigani, n'inyito zishingiye ku mateka n'imibereho y'abaturage. Mu Kinyarwanda, inka n'imigenderanire y'imiryango bifite umwanya ukomeye cyane mu mvugo. Urugero, amagambo nka "guca amayange", "gukura ubwatsi", cyangwa "gukama inka" afite ibisobanuro byimbitse bishingiye ku muco w'Abarwanda.
Ku rundi ruhande, umuco w'Abayoruba wubakiye cyane ku myizerere yabo n'ubwami bwabo bwa gakondo (kingdoms and royalty), ndetse n'uruhare rw'icyubahiro mu muryango (respect markers like "Ẹ n lẹ"). Ikiyoruba gikoresha imigani myinshi cyane (Owe) mu biganiro bya buri munsi kugira ngo hatsindagirwe ingingo runaka. Iyo umuhinduzi ahatirije guhindura umugani w'Ikinyarwanda ijambo ku rindi akawujyana mu Kiyoruba, uwo mugani urapfa kandi ugata igisobanuro cyangwa ukumvikana nko gutukana cyangwa ibintu bitagira ishingiro. Inzira nziza ni ugushaka umugani uhuye nawo mu Kiyoruba (cultural equivalent) waba ufite ubutumwa bumwe nubwo amagambo yawukoze yaba atandukanye.
Inama Zikomeye n'Amabwiriza ku Bahinduzi
Kugira ngo ubuhinduzi bwawe bugende neza kandi bube bwiza cyane, dore inama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:
- Isuzumire ku Rurimi rwa Gakondo: Niba uhindura ujyana mu Kiyoruba, ni ngombwa ko inyandiko yawe isuzumwa n'umuntu uvuga Ikiyoruba nka gakondo (native speaker) kandi ufite ubumenyi mu Kinyarwanda. Ibi bifasha mu kugorora amajwi n'injyana y'inyandiko (tonal flow).
- Koresha Ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bw'Inzobere: Udakoresha mudasobwa mu guhindura gusa (Machine Translation) nk'aho ibyo ivuze byose ari ukuri. Imiterere y'amajwi n'inshinga zikurikirana mu Kiyoruba bituma ibikoresho nka Google Translate bikora amakosa menshi cyane kuri izi ndimi zombi. Koresha ibyo bikoresho nk'intangiriro gusa, ariko wongereho ubwenge n'ubumenyi bwawe bwa muntu.
- Tandukanya Uburyo bw'Icyubahiro: Mu Kiyoruba, icyubahiro gihabwa umuntu mukuru cyangwa umuyobozi cyerekanwa hakoreshejwe ibinyazina byihariye nk'igihe bavuga "Ẹ" aho gukoresha "O" (wowe). Mu Kinyarwanda na we dushobora gukoresha "mwebwe" cyangwa inyito z'icyubahiro. Sigaho ko ubu buryo bw'icyubahiro buhuzwa neza mu buhinduzi.
- Itondere Imitwe y'Amagambo n'Amajwi: Kubera ku Ikiyoruba ari ururimi rw'amajwi (tonal language), inyandiko yose y'Ikiyoruba igomba gukoresha ibimenyetso by'amajwi (tonal marks/diacritics nka: à, á, ā) mu buryo bukwiye. Kubura kw'ibi bimenyetso bishobora guhindura rwose ijambo rikabamo ikindi kintu kitari cyo (Urugero: "oko" bishobora kuvuga umugabo, umurima, cyangwa ubwato bitewe n'amajwi).
Mu gusoza, guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Kiyoruba bisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'ikibonezamvugo ndetse n'ubw'umuco w'abaturage bavuga izi ndimi zombi. Iyo umuhinduzi yubahirije amabwiriza n'imiterere ya buri rurimi, bishingira ku buryo bwiza bwo kumvikanisha ubutumwa bwerekeye ubucuruzi, uburezi, amateka, n'umuco mu buryo bworoshye kandi butavunnye.