Ukuhunyushwa kwemibhalo kusuka olimini lwesiZulu, okuwulimi olucebile lweBantu olukhulunywa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, kuya olimini lwesiSwidi (Swedish), ulimi lwaseNyakatho yeYurophu, kuyinqubo edinga ukuqonda okujolile kwezolimi kanye namasiko. Nakuba lezi zilimi zombili zivela emindenini ehlukene ngokuphelele yezilimi—isiZulu singaphansi kwezilimi zomndeni weNiger-Congo kanti isiSwidi singaphansi komndeni wezilimi ze-Indo-European—kukhona isidingo esikhulayo sokuhumusha phakathi kwazo ngenxa yezohwebo, ezemfundo, ezokuvakasha kanye nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Leli phepha lihlose ukuhlaziya izindlela, izinselelo kanye namaqhinga angcono kakhulu okuhumusha kusuka ngesiZulu kuya ngesiSwidi ngendlela efanele nesezingeni eliphezulu.
Ukuqonda Umahluko Wezolimi: IsiZulu NgesiSwidi
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuhumusha ngendlela eyimpumelelo siwukuqonda ukwakheka kolimi ngalunye. IsiZulu siwulimi olusebenzisa kakhulu izijobelelo neziphambili (agglutinative language), lapho amagama akhiwa khona ngokuhlanganisa izakhi ezahlukene (morphemes) esiqwini segama. Uhlelo lwesiZulu lusekelwe ezigabeni zamabizo (noun classes), lapho ibizo ngalinye linquma isivumelwano senhloko nesiyezi emshweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isenzo, isichasiso, nesibanjalo kumele kuvumelane nesigaba sebizo elikhulunywayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiSwidi siwulimi olusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukile zokwakha imisho. Sifana kakhulu nezinye izilimi zaseJalimane (Germanic languages) njengesiNgisi nesiJalimane. IsiSwidi sinohlelo lwezinhlobo zamabizo ezimbili kuphela: 'en-words' (amabizo ajwayelekile) kanye ne-'ett-words' (amabizo angathathi hlangothi). Futhi, isiSwidi silandela umthetho we-V2 word order, lapho isenzo sibe sephoyintini lesibili emshweni oyinhloko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isakhi esiqala umsho. Lo mahluko obalulekile ekwakhiweni kwemisho ungenza ukuthi umhumushi oqalayo adideke uma ezama ukuhumusha ngezwi nezwi.
Izinselelo Eziyinhloko Ekuhumusheni NgesiSwidi
Lapho uhumusha kusuka ngesiZulu uya ngesiSwidi, kunezithiyo eziningana zomphakathi nezolimi okumele ubhekane nazo. Nazi ezinye zezinselelo ezivamile:
- Uhlelo Lwezigaba Zamabizo vs Izinhlobo Zamabizo (Noun Classes vs Gender): Ngenxa yokuthi isiZulu sinezigaba zamabizo ezingaphezu kwe-15, kanti isiSwidi sinezinhlobo zamabizo ezimbili kuphela (utrum ne-neutrum), ukuguqula incazelo yezivumelwano ngesiSwidi kudinga ukunemba okukhulu ukuze kugcinwe ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto nezinto ezichazwayo.
- Izinkathi Zesenzo (Verb Tenses): IsiZulu sinohlelo olunzulu lwezinkathi (past, present, future) olubandakanya izinkathi ezidlule ezisanda kwenzeka (recent past) kanye nalezo ezenzeka kudala (remote past). IsiSwidi sona sisebenzisa izenzo ezisizayo (auxiliary verbs) nezijobelelo ezithile ukukhombisa izinkathi, ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa phakathi kwesikhathi esisanda kudlula naleso esidlule kudala ngendlela isiZulu esenza ngayo.
- Amagama Amasiko Nemigomo (Cultural Untranslatability): Kunamagama amaningi esiZulu ahlobene namasiko, imikhuba, nendlela yokuphila yamaZulu angenawo amagama alingana nawo ngqo olimini lwesiSwidi. Isibonelo, amagama afana nelithi 'ubuntu', 'ilobolo', noma 'ukweshwama' adinga ukuchazwa kabanzi noma ukusetshenziswa ngendlela yokuchaza umqondo kunokuhumusha igama ngalinye.
Amaqhinga Abalulekile Okuhumusha Ngendlela Efanele
Ukuze ukwazi ukuhumusha umbhalo usuka ngesiZulu uya ngesiSwidi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa incazelo yangempela, umhumushi kumele asebenzise la maqhinga alandelayo:
1. Ukuhumusha Ngomqondo (Dynamic Equivalence)
Kunokuba uhumushe izwi nezwi (literal translation), gxila ekudluliseni umqondo womlayezo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu lapho ubhekene nezisho nezincazelo eziqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, isisho sesiZulu esithi 'ukubamba inkunzi ngezimpondo' asinakuhunyushwa ngokuthi 'att ta tjuren vid hornen' kuphela ngaphandle kokuhlola ukuthi ngabe lowo mqondo uyasebenza yini kumongo womlayezo wesiSwidi, nakuba lapha zombili lezi zilimi zinesisho esifanayo. Nokho, izisho eziningi azihambisani ngqo, ngakho-ke ukuhumusha ngomqondo kuvikela umbhalo ekubeni ungoqondakali kahle kumfundi wesiSwidi.
2. Ukuhlanganisa Amasiko (Localization)
IsiSwidi nesiZulu zikhulunywa emiphakathini enamasiko, isimo sezulu, kanye nezinhlelo zomphakathi ezihlukene kakhulu. Lapho uhumushela abafundi baseSwidi, kubalulekile ukwenza umbhalo uhambisane nempilo yabo yansuku zonke ngaphandle kokulahla umongo wokuqala. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuguqula izilinganiso, amafomethi ezinsuku, kanye nezinkomba zezindawo uma kunesidingo sokwenza umbhalo ube lula ukufundeka.
3. Ukubuyekeza Nokuhlela (Proofreading and Editing)
Umbhalo ohunyushiwe kumele uhlolwe ngumuntu onesiSwidi njengolimi lwakhe lwebele (native Swedish speaker). Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwemisho kugeleza kahle futhi akuzwakali njengombhalo ohunyushiwe. Umhleli kumele aqinisekise ukuthi izwi lombhalo (tone) kanye nesitayela zifanelekile kumbhalo ohlosiwe (isib. umbhalo wezomthetho, ezokhangiso, noma ezobuciko).
Izindlela Nezinyathelo Zokuhumusha Isinyathelo Ngesinyathelo
Ukuze umsebenzi wokuhumusha ulandeleleke kahle futhi ube sezingeni eliphezulu, kuhle ukuba umhumushi alandele lezi zinyathelo ezine ezisemqoka:
- Ukuhlaziya Umbhalo Wokuqala (Pre-translation Analysis): Funda umbhalo wesiZulu wonke uze uwuqonde kahle ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuhumusha. Hlaziya inhloso yombhalo, abafundi abahlosiwe, kanye nezwi elizosetshenziswa (formal or informal).
- Ukuhumusha Okusalungiswa (Draft Translation): Qala ngokuhumusha umbhalo kancane kancane, ugxile ekudluliseni umqondo kanye nokugcina uhlelo lolimi lwesiSwidi lulungile. Ungakhathazeki kakhulu ngokunemba okuphelele kwesitayela kulesi sigaba; inhloso ukudlulisa umlayezo oyinhloko.
- Ukubuyekeza Okuphindwe Kabili (Bilingual Review): Qhathanisa umbhalo wesiSwidi nombhalo wesiZulu wokuqala umugqa ngomugqa. Qinisekisa ukuthi akukho lwazi olulahlekile noma olungeziwe ngendlela engafanele.
- Ukulungiswa Kokugcina (Final Proofreading): Funda umbhalo wesiSwidi wodwa ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ugeleza njengombhalo obhalwe ngesiSwidi kwasekuqaleni.
Izinsiza Zobuchwepheshe Zokuhumusha
Esikhathini sanamuhla, abahumushi banenhlanhla yokusebenzisa amathuluzi obuchwepheshe ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ube lula futhi usheshe. Amathuluzi afana ne-CAT (Computer-Assisted Translation) asiza kakhulu ekugcineni ukuhambisana kwetheminoloji. Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokuthi ukuhumusha phakathi kwesiZulu nesiSwidi kuyingcosana emhlabeni jikelele, amathuluzi amaningi e-Machine Translation (afana neGoogle Translate) angase enze amaphutha amaningi ohlelo ngenxa yokushoda kwedatha yokuqeqesha (parallel corpora). Ngakho-ke, umhumushi ongumuntu usadingeka kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomsebenzi.
Abahumushi bangasebenzisa izichazamazwi ezikhethekile ze-Bantu kanye nezichazamazwi zesiSwidi (ezifana ne-Svenska Akademiens Ordbok) ukuze bathole amagama aqondile nezincazelo ezijulile zamagama ngaphambi kokwenza izinqumo zokugcina zokuhumusha.
Isiphetho Nokubuka Okuzayo
Ukuhumusha kusuka ngesiZulu kuya ngesiSwidi kuwubuciko obudinga ukubekezela, ucwaningo olunzulu, kanye nothando lwezilimi zombili. Ngokulandela izindlela ezifanele zokuhlaziya uhlelo lolimi kanye nokusebenzisa amathuluzi afanele okuhumusha, abahumushi bangakwazi ukwakha amabhuloho okuqondana phakathi kwemiphakathi emibili ehlukene. Lokhu akusizi nje kuphela ekusakazeni ulwazi kodwa nasekucebiseni amasiko omhlaba jikelele ngezilimi ezihlukene.