Ko te whakawhiti reo i waenga i te reo Māori me te reo Maraiu (Bahasa Melayu) he mahi whakaharahara e whakaatu ana i ngā hononga tawhito o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa me te ao o Ahia ki te Tonga. He mema ēnei reo e rua nō te whānau reo nui kotahi, ara, ko te whānau reo Austronesian. Ahakoa tēnei hononga ā-papa me te whanaungatanga whakapapa, he maha ngā rerekētanga ā-wetereo, ā-rorohiko, ā-tikanga hoki me mātua mārama e te kaiwhakawhiti reo kia puta ai he whakamāoritanga, he whakamaraiutanga rānei e tika ana, e rerehua ana hoki. Mā tēnei tohutohu motuhake e whakaatu ngā tikanga me ngā huarahi tino pai mō te whakawhiti mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Maraiu hei awhina i te hunga ngaio me ngā ākonga o ngā reo nei.
Te Hononga Austronesian: Ngā Kupu Rite me te Whakapapa o te Reo
Ko te hunga e ako ana i ngā reo e rua nei ka miharo ki te maha o ngā kupu rite (cognates) e whakaatu ana i te kōrero kotahi o ngā tīpuna i ngā tau mano ki muri. Nā te mea nō te whānau reo Austronesian rāua tahi, he rite tonu te tūāpapa o ētahi kupu matua mō te taiao, te tinana o te tangata, me ngā mahi o ia rā. Hei tauira, ko te kupu 'mata' i te reo Māori, he 'mata' anō hoki i te reo Maraiu mō te kanohi me te titiro. Anei ētahi atu tauira tino mārama o ēnei hononga reo:
- Rima (Māori) me te Lima (Maraiu): Ko te tau rima tēnei. I roto i te reo Maraiu, ko te kupu 'lima' te nama 5, ā, i te reo taketake hoki o ngā reo Austronesian, e hono ana tēnei ki te ringaringa (e rima ngā matihao).
- Mate (Māori) me te Mati (Maraiu): He rite tonu te tikanga me te pronunciation o ēnei kupu mō te matenga o te tangata, o te kararehe, o te tinana rānei.
- Ika (Māori) me te Ikan (Maraiu): Ko ngā mea katoa e tere ana i raro i te wai. He ngāwari noa te kite i te tāpiringa o te 'n' ki te reo Maraiu.
- Kutu (Māori) me te Kutu (Maraiu): He rite tonu te kupu me te tikanga mō tēnei riha pakupaku e noho ana ki te māhunga o te tangata, ki te huruhuru rānei o te kararehe.
- Taringa (Māori) me te Telinga (Maraiu): Ko te ara rongo tēnei. Ahakoa he iti te rerekētanga o te whakaputa, he marama tonu te hononga o te reo.
Mā te mōhio ki ēnei hononga whakapapa, ka ngāwari ake te kimi i te wairua o te kupu i ngā wā o te whakawhiti kōrero. Heoi, ahakoa ēnei kupu rite, kaua te kaiwhakawhiti e pōhēhē he rite tonu te hanganga o ngā rerenga kōrero katoa, te wetereo rānei o ia rā, i te mea kua tipu motuhake ēnei reo i roto i ngā rau tau.
Te Huri i te Waka Wetereo: Mai i te VSO ki te SVO
Ko tētahi o ngā wero nui rawa atu mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo ko te huringa o te raupapa o ngā kupu i te rerenga kōrero. I te reo Māori, ko te wetereo matua ko te VSO (Verb-Subject-Object). Ara, ka tīmata te rerenga ki te tūmahi, ka whai mai te tūpoutanga rānei, kātahi ko te tūingoa ahanoa. He rereke rawa te reo Maraiu, i te mea he SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) tōna wetereo matua, rite tonu ki te reo Ingarangi, reo Hainamana hoki o nāianei.
Mēnā tātou ka titiro ki te rerenga kōrero Māori taketake: "Kei te kai te tangata i te ika." Ka wetewetehia pēnei:
- Kei te kai (Tūmahi / Verb)
- te tangata (Tūmatua / Subject)
- i te ika (Ahanoa / Object, me te kaiwhakapuaki 'i')
Ki te whakawhitia tēnei ki te reo Maraiu, me huri rawa te hanga kia whai i te raupapa SVO e pai ana ki te taringa Maraiu: "Orang itu sedang makan ikan."
- Orang itu (Tūmatua / Subject - Te tangata)
- sedang makan (Tūmahi / Verb - Kei te kai)
- ikan (Ahanoa / Object - te ika)
Me noho tūpato te kaiwhakawhiti kia kaua e whakapiri tika i ngā kupu i runga i te hanganga taketake o te reo Māori. Ki te pēnei, ka noho hē te wetereo o te reo hou, ā, kāore e mārama ki te hunga pānui. Me wetewete te hanganga rerenga katoa, kātahi ka hanga hou ki te wetereo Maraiu e tika ana.
Te Rangatiratanga o ngā Tūpou: Kita me Kami vs Tātou me Mātou
Ko tētahi atu hononga rawe i waenga i ngā reo e rua ko te whakaaturanga o te 'inclusive' me te 'exclusive' i roto i ngā tūpou (pronouns). He mea motuhake tēnei ki ngā reo o te whānau Austronesian, ā, kāore e kitea i te reo Ingarangi me ētahi atu reo o Ūropi. I te reo Māori, e whakamahi ana tātou i te 'tāua' (koe me ahau) me te 'tātou' (tātou katoa, uru atu te hunga whakarongo) hei tohu i te whakaurunga o te tangata. Ko te 'māua' me te 'mātou' he tohu i te rōpū kāore e uru mai te hunga e whakarongo ana.
I te reo Maraiu, he rite tonu tēnei wehewehenga pārekareka:
- Kita (Maraiu): Rite ki te 'tāua' rānei ki te 'tātou' i te reo Māori (inclusive). Kei roto te hunga whakarongo.
- Kami (Maraiu): Rite ki te 'māua' rānei ki te 'mātou' i te reo Māori (exclusive). Kāore i roto te hunga whakarongo.
Mēnā kei te whakawhiti koe i tētahi whaikōrero, i tētahi pānui rānei mai i te reo Māori, me āta tirotiro ko wai kei te kōrero, ā, ki a wai hoki. Ki te hē te tīpako i waenga i a 'kita' me 'kami', ka rerekē katoa te wairua, te tikanga, me te māramatanga o te kōrero ki te hunga whai i te reo Maraiu. He tohu tēnei i te hiranga o te horopaki.
Te Whakawhiti i te Reo Hāngū (Passive Voice)
He mea tino nui te reo hāngū (passive voice) i roto i te reo Māori. He maha ngā wā e pai ake ana te whakamahi i te reo hāngū (tauira: "I kainga te ika e te tangata") i te reo tūmahi noa rānei. I te reo Māori, ka arotahi te rerenga ki te mahi me te ahanoa, ā, ka tāpirihia ngā hiku pēnei i te -tia, -hia, -ngia, -mia ki te tūmahi.
I te reo Maraiu, he mea nui hoki te reo hāngū, ā, he maha ngā huarahi e whakatakotoria ai i runga i te tūnga o te tūpou me te tūingoa. Ko te tikanga matua mō te tuatoru o ngā tūpoutanga ko te whakamahi i te prefix 'di-' ki te tūmahi. Hei tauira, ko te kupu 'makan' (kai) ka huri hei 'dimakan' (kainga). Anei te whakatauritenga o te rerenga hāngū:
Māori: "I kainga te ika e te tangata."
Maraiu: "Ikan itu dimakan oleh orang itu."
Mā te mohio ki te whakamahi i te 'di-' me te 'oleh' (e / by) i te reo Maraiu, ka taea te pupuri i te rere me te arotahi o te rerenga kōrero Māori taketake me te kore e whakapākehā, e whakarerekē rānei i te aronga nui o te rerenga kōrero.
Te Mana me te Tapu: Te Whakawhiti i ngā Tikanga Ahurea
Ko te wetereo te tinana o te reo, engari ko te tikanga me te ahurea te wairua. Ko tētahi o ngā wero nui rawa atu mō ngā kaiwhakawhiti reo Māori ko te whakamāoritanga o ngā kupu tapu me ngā ariā hōhonu pēnei i te 'mana', te 'tapu', te 'kaitiakitanga', te 'tino rangatiratanga' me te 'whanaungatanga'. Kāore he kupu kotahi i te reo Maraiu e hāngai pū ana ki ēnei ariā Māori na te rereke o te whanaketanga hapori.
Hei tauira, ko te 'kaitiakitanga' (guardianship/stewardship). Ki te whakawhitia ki te reo Maraiu, me whakamahi i ētahi kupu pēnei i te 'pemeliharaan' (tiaki / conservation), te 'amanah' (he taonga i tukuna hei tiaki), rānei i te 'tanggungjawab pelindung' (kawenga hei kaiarahi/kaitiaki). Mō te kupu 'mana', ka taea te whakamahi i te 'kedaulatan' (rangatiratanga), 'maruah' (honour/dignity), rānei i te 'wibawa' (prestige/influence) i runga anō i te horopaki o te kōrero. Mō te 'tapu', he tata tonu te kupu 'kudus' (heilige / holy) rānei ko te 'larangan' (haram/prohibited) i roto i ngā tikanga whakapono Maraiu.
Mā te mohio hōhonu ki te ahurea o te ao Maraiu (te ao Melayu) me te ao Māori e taea ai e te kaiwhakawhiti te kimi i ngā kupu tino tika. He hapori ahurea rua ēnei e whakanui ana i te whakaute ki te hunga tawhito (te hunga kaumatua), te manaakitanga, me te aroha ki te whenua, nō reira, he ngāwari ake te rapu i te wairua kotahi ahakoa te rereke o ngā kupu.
Ngā Tohutohu Matua mā te Kaiwhakawhiti Reo
Mō te hunga e whai ana kia eke ki te taumata teitei o te whakawhiti reo i waenga i ēnei reo e rua, anei ētahi tohutohu me whai tonu i ngā wā katoa:
- Āta tirohia te horopaki ahurea me te whakapono: I te mea he mema reo Austronesian rāua, he rite tonu te tikanga a-wairua o ngā kupu, engari ka huri te tikanga i runga i te ahurea o te wāhi pēnei i te whakapono (he whenua Mahameta te nuinga o te hunga korero Maraiu, ā, he rereke ngā tohu mo te kai, te kawa me ngā tikanga hapori).
- Whakamahia te hangarau me te papakupu: Whakamahia ngā papakupu reo Māori me ngā papakupu reo Maraiu matua (pēnei i te Kamus Dewan) hei whakawhānui i tō mohiotanga ki ngā tūtohu kupu me ngā kiwaha hou.
- Me whakatika te hanganga rerenga: Kaua e whakawhiti kupu ki te kupu. Hangaia te rerenga Maraiu mai i te tūāpapa o tōna ake wetereo (SVO) kia rerehua te reo ina panuitia.
- Whakaute i te reo o tēnā, o tēnā: Kia mau tonu ki te reo rangatira o te Māori me te reo kōrero e tika ana mō te ao Maraiu.
Mā te whai i ēnei huarahi, ka māmā ake te hanga piriti i waenga i ēnei hapori e rua, ā, ka tau te rangimārie me te māramatanga ki te hunga e pānui ana i te mahi whakapākehā, whakawhiti reo rānei.