Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rumwe ujya mu rundi ni inzira isaba ubushishozi buhanitse, cyane cyane iyo uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda gujya mu rurimi rw'Ikidage. Ikinyarwanda n'Ikidage ni indimi zifite amateka n'imiterere bitandukanye cyane. Mu gihe Ikinyarwanda ari ururimi rushingiye ku nteko z'amazina n'urwunge rw'inshinga zikomatanyije, Ikidage cyo kirangwa n'imiterere ishingiye ku ntera z'amazina ndetse n'inshinga zihindurwa hashingiwe ku bihe n'abantu mu buryo bugoye. Kuri uyu munsi, abakora umwuga w'ubuhinduzi bakeneye gusobanukirwa neza aho izi ndimi zihurira n'aho zitandukanira kugira ngo batange inyandiko zisomeka neza kandi zumvikana.
Icyerekezo cy'isi y'ikoranabuhanga n'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga gituma ubuhinduzi buva mu Kinyarwanda bujya mu Kidage burushaho gukenerwa. Haba mu rwego rw'uburezi, ubukerarugendo, cyangwa imikoranire y'ibigo bya Leta n'abikorera, kugira inyandiko zihinduye neza ni intwaro ikomeye. Uyu murongo w'ubuhinduzi urasaba kumenya neza amategeko agenga indimi zombi, kumenya imico y'abaturage bazivuga, ndetse no gukoresha uburyo bugezweho bwo gusesengura amagambo.
Isano n'Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikidage
Kugira ngo uhindure neza kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Kidage, ugomba kubanza gusobanukirwa neza imiterere y'indimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha gahunda y'inteko z'amazina aho izina ryose rigomba kugira inteko riberamo (urugero: inteko ya mbere y'abantu "umu-", inteko ya kabiri "aba-", n'izindi). Ibi bigena uburyo inshinga, ibigenera, n'ibinyazina bihuzwa n'iryo jambo. Mu Kidage, nta nteko z'amazina zihari nk'iz'Ikinyarwanda, ariko hari ibitsina bitatu by'amazina: igitsina-gabo, igitsina-gore, ndetse n'igitsina-ngenera. Ibi bitsina bifata ingereka zihariye bitewe n'uruhare izina rifite mu nteruro.
Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi ni itandukaniro ry'inyito z'ibihe n'uburyo interuro zisekurwa. Mu Kinyarwanda, inshinga imwe ishobora kubamo amakuru menshi cyane: uwo ibikorerwa bibaho, igihe bibereye, n'uburyo bikorwamo. Mu Kidage, aya makuru atandukanywa mu magambo menshi aherekeza inshinga y'ingenzi. Ibi bisaba ko umuhinduzi yitonza kugira ngo adatakaza ubusobanuro bw'inyandiko y'umwimerere cyangwa ngo akore ubuhinduzi bugaragara nka literal translation budahwitse.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kugaragara mu Guhindura no Guhuza Amazina
Imwe mu nzitizi zikomeye ku bahinduzi b'indimi ni uburyo bwo guhuza intera z'amazina mu Kidage (Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ, Genitiv) n'uburyo amazina y'Ikinyarwanda atekerezwamo mu nteruro. Mu Kidage, uburyo izina rikoreshwa mu nteruro bubaza guhindura akajambo karyo ndetse n'ingereka y'ikinyazina cyangwa intego y'ijambo ryerekana. Urugero, iyo uvuze ngo "Umugabo arashaka igitabo", mu Kidage biba "Der Mann sucht das Buch". Ariko iyo uvuze ngo "Nabonye umugabo", biba "Ich habe den Mann gesehen". Kuri uyu muco w'Ikidage, "den Mann" irahinduka kubera ko umugabo abaye umugenerwabikorwa.
Umuhinduzi agomba gusoma neza no gusesengura inshinga y'Ikinyarwanda n'icyo ishingiyeho. Birakenewe kandi kwitonda mu guhindura ibinyazina n'inshinga zikoreshwa zifata imiterere ya Dativ cyangwa Akkusativ bitewe n'icyerekezo cy'inshinga zikoreshwa mu Kidage, kuko akenshi usanga ntaho bihuriye n'Ikinyarwanda. Gusesengura imikoreshereze y'ibihe by'inshinga nka "Präteritum" na "Perfekt" mu Kidage na byo birasaba ubumenyi buhagije kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu mwanya ukwiye bitewe n'inyandiko yanditswe mu Kinyarwanda.
Inshinga n'Uruhare Rwayo mu Kuranga Igihe n'Uburemere bw'Interuro
Mu rurimi rw'Ikidage, inshinga ifite umwanya wihariye mu nteruro bita "Verbzweit" (inshinga igomba kuba umwanya wa kabiri mu nteruro zoroheje), ndetse n'igihe inshinga ijya ku muzibo w'interuro mu nteruro zikomatanije. Ibi bitandukanye cyane n'Ikinyarwanda aho inshinga ikunze kuza nyuma y'inyito y'ukora igikorwa (Subject-Verb-Object). Mu Kidage, uburyo bw'inyandiko bushobora guhinduka cyane bitewe n'akajambo gahuriza interuro zombi nka weil, dass, cyangwa wenn.
Urugero rw'interuro isanzwe:
- Ikinyarwanda: Sinshobora kuza kubera ko ndwaye.
- Ikidage (Uburyo butari bwo): Ich kann nicht kommen weil ich bin krank.
- Ikidage (Uburyo bukwiye): Ich kann nicht kommen, weil ich krank bin.
Muri uyu rugero, inshinga "bin" ijya ku muzibo w'interuro bitewe n'ijambo "weil". Umuhinduzi ugomba guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda agomba kwirinda guhindura ijambo ku rindi, kuko ibi byatuma interuro z'Ikidage ziba izitarangwamo n'umuco n'amategeko y'urwo rurimi. Gushyira inshinga ku mwanya wayo ukwiye ni ryo shingiro ryo kwandika Ikidage cyiza kandi cyumvikana.
Guhuza Inyandiko n'Umuco w'Abadage (Transcreation)
Ubuhinduzi buhebuje ntibugarukira gusa ku magambo n'amategeko y'ururimi, ahubwo buhuza n'umuco w'abasomyi b'iyo nyandiko. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rukoresha imvugo z'ikinyabupfura, imigani, n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo zishingiye ku buzima bwo mu cyaro, ubworozi n'uburyo abanyarwanda babana. Ku rundi ruhande, ururimi rw'Ikidage rurangwa n'imvugo itaziguye, isobanutse neza, kandi itarimo amagambo menshi y'imitako. Ibi bisobanura ko ibitekerezo bishyirwa mu Kidage bigomba kuba bishingiye ku kuri n'uburyo budaca ku ruhande.
Urugero, imvugo nka "Amata y'abagabo" cyangwa "Gupfana undi cyama" ntaho zihuriye n'umuco w'Ikidage. Iyo uhindura izi mvugo, ugomba gushaka imvugo zifite ubusobanuro bumwe mu Kidage aho guhindura amagambo nk'uko yakabaye. Ibi bituma inyandiko yawe yumvikana neza nk'aho yanditswe n'umuntu uvuga Ikidage nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko. Kwitondera uburyo bwo kubaha (Sie vs. du) na byo ni ingenzi cyane. Mu Kinyarwanda, dukoresha "mwe" cyangwa izina ry'icyubahiro, mu gihe mu Kidage bafite uburyo bukomeye bwo gutandukanya uburyo bwo kuvugana bitewe n'isano abantu bafitanye.
Inama Zikomeye Zafasha Umuhinduzi Guhindura Neza
Kugira ngo ugerereze ku ntego zawe zo guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Kidage mu buryo bwa kinyamwuga, dore bimwe mu byo ugomba gukora ngo ubuhinduzi bwawe bube bwiza cyane:
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zizewe kandi z'inzobere: Nta nkoranyamagambo ikomeye cyane ihuriweho n'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikidage ku byteganyijwe. Birasaba gukoresha urundi rurimi rwo hagati nka cyongereza cyangwa igifaransa nk'ikiraro cyo guhuza izi ndimi zombi. Ibi bigufasha kubona inyito nyakuri y'ijambo rishobora kuba rikomeye mu Kinyarwanda.
- Soma ibitabo n'inyandiko z'Ikidage cy'umwimerere: Gusoma bituma umenya uburyo Abadage bafungura interuro, uburyo bakoresha ibimenyetso by'imivugirire, n'uburyo bwo kwandika inyandiko z'uburyo butandukanye nk'iz'ubucuruzi cyangwa ubuvanganzo.
- Itondere amagambo akomatanije (Compound Nouns): Ikidage kizwiho guhuza amazina menshi akaba ijambo rimwe ribereye. Mu Kinyarwanda biba bisaba gukoresha interuro ndende, ariko mu Kidage ugomba gushaka cyangwa guhanga iryo jambo rikomatanije rikwiye hashingiwe ku amategeko y'ururimi.
- Kora isuzuma n'ikosora ry'inyandiko (Proofreading): Buri gihe nyuma yo guhindura, shaka undi muntu uvuga Ikidage nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko kugira ngo asome kandi akosore inyandiko yawe mbere yo kuyishyira ahagaragara.
- Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bw'ubwenge: Nubwo hari porogaramu zishobora guhindura indimi, ntabwo zikwiye kwizerwa ijana ku ijana mu guhindura Kinyarwanda mu Kidage. Zikoreshe nka hejuru y'ubushakashatsi ariko umutimanama n'ubumenyi bwawe bibe ari byo bifata icyemezo cya nyuma.
Ubu buryo bukurikije amategeko n'amateka y'indimi zombi bwerekana ko guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda gujya mu Kidage atari uguhindura amagambo gusa, ahubwo ari uguhuza imico, imitekerereze, ndetse n'imibereho y'abantu baturuka mu bice bitandukanye by'isi. Umuhinduzi ubikora neza abasha kubaka ikiraro gikomeye cyo guhana amakuru, ubucuruzi, n'ubumenyi hagati y'u Rwanda n'ibihugu bivuga ururimi rw'Ikidage.