Ukuguqulela phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezinembali nenkcubeko etyebileyo njengesiXhosa nesiTamil ngumsebenzi onzima kodwa onika umdla kakhulu. IsiXhosa, esisisinye seelwimi ezisemthethweni eMzantsi Afrika, lilwimi lwesintu elaziwa ngesakhiwo salo seklasi zezithako nomoya ophilayo weenkcazo. Kwelinye icala, isiTamil lilwimi laseDravidian elithethwa kakhulu emazantsi e-India, eSri Lanka, naseSingapore, kwaye linekhulu leminyaka yoncwadi lwakudala kunye nesakhiwo sefonti esikhethekileyo. Ukudibanisa ezi lwimi zimbini kufuna ukuqonda okunzulu kungekuphela nje kwesakhiwo sezivesi, kodwa nakwimixholo yeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo.
Ucalulo Lwezakhiwo Zezivesi: SVO vs SOV
Omnye weyona miceli-mngeni mikhulu xa kuguqulelwa ukusuka esiXhoseni kuya esiTamileni lulungelelwaniso lwamagama esivesi. IsiXhosa silandela isakhiwo se-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), apho intloko yenzeka kuqala, ilandelwe sisenzi, uze umenziwa aze ekugqibeleni. Ngokomzekelo: "Umfana ufunda incwadi" (Intloko: Umfana, Isenzi: ufunda, Umenziwa: incwadi).
Kwicala lesiTamil, isakhiwo semveli silandela indlela ye-SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Kwesi sakhiwo, umenziwa uza ngaphambi kwesenzi. Ukuba sithatha lo mzekelo ungasentla, ngesiTamil siza kuthi: "பையன் புத்தகம் படிக்கிறான்" (Paiyan puththagam padikkiraan), okuthetha ukuba "Umfana incwadi ufunda". Umguquleli kufuneka aqaphele olu tshintsho lwesakhiwo ukuze isivesi siguqulelwe ngendlela evakalayo kwaye engadidekiyo kubafundi besiTamil. Ukushiya isenzi ekugqibeleni kwesiTamil kufuna ukuba umguquleli acwangcise ingcinga yakhe ngendlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kuneyesiXhosa.
Izakhiwo Zeelwimi Ezaziwa Ngokudibanisa (Agglutination)
Zomibini ezi lwimi, isiXhosa nesiTamil, ziilwimi ezaziwa ngokuba zeziqhagamshelanisa okanye ezidibanisa izakhi zamagama (agglutinative languages). Oku kuthetha ukuba amagama akhiwa ngokudibanisa izimaphambili (prefixes) kunye nezimasilise (suffixes) kwiziqu zamagama (root words). NgesiXhosa, isenzi sinokuba nezimaphambili ezichaza intloko, ixesha, isalathiso, kunye nezinye izinto, umzekelo: "asisayikubabonisa". Apha, igama elinye liqulethe isivesi sonke esineziphumo ezininzi.
NgesiTamil, le nkqubo yenzeka ngakumbi ekugqibeleni kwegama ngokusebenzisa izimasilise. Amagama anokuba made kakhulu njengoko kwayanyaniswa izimelabizo, izalathisi-ndawo, nexesha lesenzi. Umceli-mngeni apha kukungaguquleli ilungu negama ngalinye ngokwalo, kodwa kukucalula intsingiselo ebanzi yegama elidityanisiweyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba ezo zinto ziqulethwe kwigama lesiXhosa zifumana indawo efanelekileyo kwigama elidityanisiweyo lesiTamil.
Ukuguqulela Imixholo Yenkcubeko Namaqhalo
Ulwimi luyinkangeleko yenkcubeko yabasebenzisi balo. IsiXhosa sinezaci namaqhalo amaninzi afana nelithi "Indlela ibuzwa kwabadala" okanye "Ubuntu ngubuntu ngabantu". Ezi zaci zisekelwe kwifilosofi yobomi be-Afrika kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Xa kuguqulelwa esiTamileni, ukuguqulela la maqhalo ngokuthe ngqo (literal translation) kunokulahlekisa ngokupheleleyo kwaye kungabi nantsingiselo kwisithethi sesiTamil.
IsiTamil, njengolwimi olunamawaka eminyaka yezithethe, naso sinezaci ezininzi (Pazhamozhigal) ezibonisa ubulumko bendabuko. Endaweni yokuguqulela ilithi "Ubuntu ngubuntu ngabantu" ngokuthe ngqo, umguquleli kufuneka afune igama okanye iqhalo lesiTamil elibonisa imfundiso efanayo yobunye, novelwano. Ukwenza lo msebenzi kufuna ukuba umguquleli abe nolwazi olunzulu ngeenkcubeko zombini zesiXhosa kunye nesiTamil.
Ukusetyenziswa Kwefonti Noguqulelo Lwamagama (Transliteration)
IsiXhosa sibhalwa ngamajoni amathathu kunye neelayini ze-Latin script ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, ngelixa isiTamil sisebenzisa isakhiwo sayo sefonti esikhethekileyo nesihle (Tamil script). Xa iguqulelwa imibhalo, ingakumbi amagama abantu okanye iindawo zesiXhosa ezinjenge "Qonce", "uTixo", okanye "uSipho", umguquleli kufuneka asebenzise indlela yokuguqulela izandi (transliteration).
Ekubeni isiTamil singenazo izandi ezithile zesiXhosa (ezinje ngeeklikhi: c, q, x), kunokuba nzima kakhulu ukufumana izandi ezichanekileyo kwifonti yesiTamil. Umzekelo, unxibelelwano lwekliki emele isandi "q" kunye no "x" alukho kwaphela esiTamileni. Apha, umguquleli kufuneka afumane isandi esisondeleyo okanye acacise ngendlela ebhaliweyo ukuba igama elo libalelwa phi kwaye libizwa njani ngokwasendleleni evunyelweyo kumgangatho welizwe.
Amacebiso Abalulekileyo Kubaguquleli
- Ukuqonda Imeko (Context): Ungaze uqale ukuguqulela ngaphandle kokufunda umbhalo wonke ukuze uqonde umxholo kunye nenjongo yombhali wokuqala.
- Ukuphepha Ukuguqulela Igama Ngegama: Oku kubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiTamil ngenxa yokwahluka kwemithetho yegrama nendlela yokwakha izivesi.
- Ukusetyenziswa Kwesichazi-magama Seelwimi Ezimbini: Sebenzisa izichazi-magama ezithembekileyo, kwaye ukuba kunokwenzeka, dibana neengcali zeelwimi zombini ukucacisa amagama anqabileyo okanye amatsha.
- Uphononongo Lwesibini (Dual Review): Soloko uqinisekisa ukuba umbhalo oguqulelweyo ujongwa ngumntu osithethi semveli sesiTamil ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba isandi sentetho silula kwaye sivakala ngokwendalo.
- Ukuhlonipha Amanqanaba Nentlonipho: NgesiTamil kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthetha nabantu ngokuxhomekeke kwiminyaka okanye kwisikhundla sabo (honorifics). Oku kufana kakhulu nendlela yokuhlonipha ngesiXhosa. Qinisekisa ukuba eli nqanaba lentlonipho liyagcinwa kuguqulelo.
Itekhnoloji Kunye Neziphumo Zenguqulelo
Kule mihla, itekhnoloji yokuguqulela (CAT tools) iyanceda kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, isibini seelwimi zesiXhosa nesiTamil asinaso isiseko esikhulu sedatha yokuguqulela (translation memories) efumaneka kwi-intanethi. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaguquleli kufuneka bathembele kakhulu kubuchule babo bobuchwepheshe kunokuba bathembele kwiinkqubo zekhompyutha ezizihambelayo (automated translation tools).
Ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji kufuna ukuba umguquleli adale uluhlu lwakhe lwamagama (glossaries) kunye neenkcazo ukuze kukhuselwe ukungaguquguquki kwemibhalo emide. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo, amagama ezobuchwepheshe, kunye neembono ezithile ziguqulelwa ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke umbhalo.
Ukuguqulela phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiTamil ngumbhalo obonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokulandela la macebiso kunye nokuqonda ubunzulu bezakhiwo zezi lwimi, abaguquleli banokuvelisa imisebenzi esemgangathweni ophezulu, enceda ekwakheni ibhlorho yothungelwano nengqondo phakathi kwabantu abathetha ezi lwimi zombini ezikhulayo.