Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rumwe ujya mu rundi ni igikorwa kitoroshye cyane iyo uhuza indimi zikomoka mu miryango itandukanye rwose y'indimi. Ikinyarwanda, ururimi rwa Bantu runozwa no kwegeranya amagambo (agglutinative language), n'Icyelesi (Welsh), ururimi rw'igicelte cy'i Burayi rufite inkomoko mu muryango w'indimi z'u Buhinde n'u Burayi (Indo-European), bifite imiterere itandukanye cyane mu buryo bw'imyubakire y'interuro, inyito y'amagambo, ndetse n'imico yabyo. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse imbogamizi zikunze kugaragara muri ubu buhinduzi, ibisabwa ngo ubukore neza, n'inama z'ingeyi zafasha umuhinduzi kugera ku nyandiko inoze, yumvikana kandi isomeka neza.
Imyubakire y'Interuro: SVO vs VSO
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye mu buhinduzi bwa Kinyarwanda-Cylesi ihereye ku buryo amagambo akurikirana mu nteruro (Word Order). Mu Kinyarwanda, dukoresha imyubakire izwi nka SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), aho Inteko (Subject) ibanziriza Inshinga (Verb), hagakurikiraho icyuzuzo (Object). Urugero: "Umwana arya ibirayi."
Ku rundi ruhande, Icyelesi gikoresha imyubakire yihariye ya VSO (Verb-Subject-Object). Muri uru rurimi, interuro nyinshi zibanziriza inshinga mbere y'uko haza ikigirwa n'icyuzuzo cyacyo. Urugero rwa ruguru mu Cyelesi ruhindurwa ngo: "Mae'r plentyn yn bwyta taten" (Mu buryo buziguye: "Ari umwana mu kurya ikirayi"). Kuri uyu mushinga, inshinga "bod" (kuba) ihagararirwa na "mae", igakurikirwa n'inteko "y'r plentyn" (umwana), hagakurikiraho icyerekana igihe "yn" n'inshinga nyamukuru "bwyta" (kurya).
Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi adashobora guhindura ijambo ku rindi akurikije uko yaryanditse mu Kinyarwanda. Ahubwo agomba gusenya interuro y'Ikinyarwanda, akayisobanukirwa, hanyuma akayigira nshya akurikije amategeko y'imyubakire y'Icyelesi.
Ihindurika ry'Ingombajwi z'Ibanze (Consonant Mutations)
Mu Cyelesi, hari ikintu cyihariye kitari mu Kinyarwanda kiraza guhungabanya abahinduzi bashya: Ihindurika ry'ingombajwi z'ibanze (Initial Consonant Mutations / Treigladau). Iri ni ihame ry'uko ingombajwi itangira ijambo ishobora guhinduka bitewe n'ijambo riyibanziriza (nk'ikinyazina, impuzajambo, cyangwa niba ijambo ari igitsina-gore). Mu Cyelesi, hari amashami atatu y'iri hinduka:
- Soft Mutation (Treiglad Meddal): Urugero, inyuguti "C" ihinduka "G", "P" ikaba "B", "T" ikaba "D". Inyambo "Cymru" (Wales) ihinduka "i Gymru" (kuri Wales).
- Nasal Mutation (Treiglad Trwynol): Urugero, inyuguti "C" ihinduka "Ngh", "P" ikaba "Mh". "Cymru" ihinduka "fy Nghymru" (Wales yanjye).
- Aspirate Mutation (Treiglad Llaes): Urugero, inyuguti "C" ihinduka "Ch", "P" ikaba "Ph".
Ikinyarwanda nta cyo gifite gisa n'ibi. Nubwo Ikinyarwanda gifite amajwi ahinduka bitewe n'amategeko y'amasano y'amajwi (phonological rules) nk'iyo indomo y'inteko runaka ihuye n'indangazina (nk'uko "mu-ana" bihinduka "umwana"), ibi biba mu rurimi rwanditse kandi bikurikiza amategeko y'izina ubwaryo aho kuba amagambo arikikije mu nteruro nk'uko bimeze mu Cyelesi. Umuhinduzi agomba gusuzuma neza niba inyandiko y'Icyelesi yubahirije iri hinduka ry'ingombajwi kuko kwibeshya kuri ibi bihindura icyo interuro isobanura cyangwa bikayigira umwanda mu rurimi.
Ubutumwa ku Muhinduzi: Ubwiza bw'ubuhinduzi ntiburi mu buhanga bwo kumenya amagambo menshi gusa, ahubwo buri mu kuyahuza neza n'amategeko y'imyandikire y'ururimi uhinduriramo utabangamiye ubutumwa bw'oryo ryasohotse.
Inteko z'Amazina (Noun Classes) vs Igitsina cy'Amazina (Grammatical Gender)
Ikinyarwanda gifite gahunda ikomeye kandi ishimishije y'nteko z'amazina (Noun Classes) igera kuri 16 (nk'inteko ya 1 y'abantu "umu- / aba-", inteko ya 3 y'ibiti "umu- / imi-", n'izindi). Izi nteko zigena uburyo amagambo yose akurikirana mu nteruro (adjectives, verbs, pronouns) yiyunga n'iryo zina (concordial agreement).
Mu Cyelesi, nta nteko z'amazina zihari. Aho bimeze bityo, hakoreshwa igitsina cy'amazina (Grammatical Gender): Amazina aba ari igitsina-gabo (masculine) cyangwa igitsina-gore (feminine). Iki gitsina kigena:
- Ihinduka ry'ingombajwi ku binyazina-ngeneri (articles) bibanziriza izina ry'igitsina-gore.
- Guhindura imiterere y'ibihebyi cyangwa ibyiyumvo (adjectives) bikurikira izina ry'igitsina-gore (Soft mutation).
- Ikinyazina cy'aho ngaho (it/he/she).
Mu buhinduzi, umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza igitsina cy'amazina mu Cyelesi. Kuri buri zina ry'Ikinyarwanda rifite inteko yaryo, umuhinduzi agomba gushaka izina ry'Icyelesi ririhagararira kandi akamenya niba ari igitsina-gabo cyangwa igitsina-gore kugira ngo yubake interuro neza mu Cyelesi.
Imbonerahamwe y'Igereranya ry'Amategeko y'Indimi zombi
| Ikiciro cy'Imiterere | Ikinyarwanda | Icyelesi (Welsh) | Icyo Umuhinduzi Akwiye Kumenya |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uburyo bw'Interuro | SVO (Subject + Verb + Object) | VSO (Verb + Subject + Object) | Guhindura icyerekezo cy'inshinga ikaza mbere y'izina. |
| Isano y'Amagambo | Gukoresha inteko z'amazina (16+) | Igitsina cy'amazina (Gabo/Gore) | Guhuza ibinyazina n'inshinga hashingiwe ku gitsina cy'izina. |
| Ihindurika ry'Amagambo | Ifungana ry'amajwi mu bihekane | Ihinduka ry'ingombajwi z'ibanze (Mutations) | Kwitondera amategeko y'ihinduka ry'ingombajwi zitangira amagambo. |
| Ibinyazina-ngeneri (Articles) | Nta bihari (indomo ikoreshwa nk'ikimenyetso) | Hariho icyerekana (y, yr, 'r) ariko nta kitemewe (indefinite) | Gushyiraho ibinyazina-ngeneri byerekana mu buryo bukwiriye mu Cyelesi. |
Inshinga n'Ibihe byazo: Ikoreshwa rya "yn" na "bod"
Mu Kinyarwanda, inshinga imwe ishobora kwerekana igihe cy'igikorwa, uburyo gikwiriye, ndetse n'icyerekezo cyacyo binyuze mu turyango tw'amagambo dufatanyishwa ku nshinga (inflections n'affixes). Urugero, inshinga "baracyabikora" irimo: ba- (bo), -ra- (igihe kigenda), -cy- (baracyarimo), -bi- (ibyo bintu), -kor- (inshinga nyamukuru), -a (inyuma).
Mu Cyelesi, ikoreshwa ry'inshinga rikoresha imyubakire yitwa periphrastic (periphrastic constructions). Ibi bivuze ko hakoreshwa inshinga-mufasha (auxiliary verb) yitwa "bod" (kuba) ifatanije n'akajambo "yn" gakora nk'isano y'inshinga nyamukuru. Urugero, "Ndi gukora" ihindurwa ngo "Rwy'n gweithio" (Yr wyf yn gweithio), aho "Rwyf" isobanura "Ndi", "yn" isobanura ko igikorwa kigenda, n'inshinga "gweithio" (gukora).
Umuhinduzi asabwa kwitondera cyane uburyo akoresha akajambo "yn". Iyo "yn" ibanzirije inshinga, ntacyo ihindura ku ngombajwi y'ibanze. Ariko iyo "yn" ikoreshejwe mbere y'ibyiyumvo (adjectives) cyangwa amazina yerekana ikintu (nouns used as complements), itera ihinduka ryoroshye (Soft mutation / Treiglad Meddal). Urugero: "da" (mwiza) -> "yn dda" (neza/bimwiza).
Ibinyazina-Ngirazina n'Amagambo Ahuriranye (Prepositional Pronouns)
Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi mu Cyelesi ni ibinyazina-ngirazina bifatanye n'amagambo ahuriranye (Prepositional Pronouns). Aho gukoresha ijambo ryerekana icyerekezo rikurikiwe n'ikinyazina gisanzwe (nk'uko mu Kinyarwanda tuvuga "kuri njye", "kuri we"), Icyelesi cyegeranya impuzajambo n'ikinyazina bikaba ijambo rimwe rifite isano y'impuzashusho. Urugero, impuzajambo "ar" (kuri):
- arnaf - kuri njye
- arnat - kuri wowe
- arno - kuri we (igitsina-gabo)
- arni - kuri we (igitsina-gore)
- arnom - kuri twe
Guhindura inyandiko neza bisaba ko umuhinduzi yirinda gukoresha amagambo abiri atandukanye iyo imiterere y'Icyelesi isaba gukoresha iri jambo ryegeranye. Kwibeshya kuri ibi bituma inyandiko yumvikana nka "kiny kiny" cyangwa icyongereza cyahinduwe nabi ku buryo budakwiriye.
Inama z'Ingenzi z'Ubuhoro ku Bahinduzi (SEO n'Ubwanditsi)
Kugira ngo inyandiko yawe ihinduwe mu Cyelesi isomeke neza kandi igaragare mu gihe abantu bashakisha amakuru kuri interineti (SEO), banza ukurikize izi nama:
1. Imikoreshereze y'Amagambo-Gufungura (Keywords) mu buryo bwa SEO
Mu buhinduzi bw'inyandiko zo kuri interineti, kora ubushakashatsi ku magambo akoreshwa cyane n'Abawelesa (Welsh speakers) mu gushakisha ibintu bijyanye n'inyandiko yawe. Muri ubu buhinduzi, amagambo nka "cyfieithu" (guhindura), "Cymraeg" (ururimi rw'Icyelesi), na "Rwanda" agomba kugaragara mu mitwe y'inyandiko (H1, H2) no mu nteruro za mbere.
2. Kwirinda Ubuhinduzi bwa Mashini (Machine Translation Pitfalls)
Ibikoresho nk'ubuhinduzi bwa Google cyangwa ibindi bitararera bihora bishobora kugora cyane guhuza Ikinyarwanda n'Icyelesi. Kubera ko izi ndimi zombi zifite abazivuga bake ugereranyije n'izindi (under-resourced languages), algorithms zikunze gukoresha icyongereza nk'ikiraro (pivot language). Ibi bituma ubutumwa buhinduka cyane bikagira amakosa menshi y'imyandikire. Buri gihe kora isuzuma ry'umuntu uzi ururimi neza (human review).
3. Guhuza Inyandiko n'Umuco (Cultural Transcreation)
Ikinyarwanda cyuzuyemo imigani, imvugo z'ikigereranyo, ndetse n'imigenzo bikomoka ku buzima bwa Kinyarwanda (nk'inka, ubuhinzi, n'imikoranire y'abantu). Iyo uhindura ibi mu Cyelesi, ntuhindure imigani ijambo ku rindi. Shaka imvugo z'ikigereranyo mu Cyelesi zifite igisobanuro kimwe n'icyo Ikinyarwanda cyashakaga kuvuga. Urugero, imvugo yerekeza ku bumwe cyangwa ubwiyunge igomba guhuzwa n'amateka n'imvugo zizwi muri Wales.
Umwanzuro n'Intambwe Zikurikiraho
Ubuhinduzi bw'Ikinyarwanda ujya mu Cyelesi ni ikiraro gihuza umuco wa Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'umuco wa Gicelte wo mu majyaruguru y'u Burayi. Nubwo imiterere y'izi ndimi zombi itandukanye cyane mu buryo bw'imyubakire, inyito, n'amategeko y'ingombajwi, umuhinduzi w'umwuga ushaka kugera ku ntsinzi agomba kwitonda cyane ku myubakire ya VSO mu Cyelesi, amategeko y'ihindurika ry'ingombajwi z'ibanze (mutations), n'ikoreshwa ry'inshinga-mufasha. Kwifashisha inkoranyamagambo zikomeye nk'iya Prifysgol Cymru (Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru) no gusoma inyandiko zanditswe n'Abawelesa kavukire ni rwo rufunguzo rwo kugera ku buhinduzi bw'intashyikirwa.