Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rumwe ujyana mu rundi ni igikorwa gisaba ubushishozi buhambaye, cyane cyane iyo uhuza indimi zikomoka mu miryango itandukanye rwose y'indimi ku isi. Guhindura Ikinyarwanda ubishyira mu Gihongiriya (Hungarian/Magyar) ni urugero rwiza rw'inzitane zishingiye ku miterere y'indimi, kuko Ikinyarwanda ari ururimi rw'Ikibantu (Bantu language) rukoreshwa cyane muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, naho Igihongiriya kikaba ururimi rw'Ikigorigori (Uralic language) rukoreshwa rwagati mu Burayi. Izi ndimi zombi zifite imiterere idasanzwe y'ikibonezamvugo, bityo rero, umuhinduzi wese ushaka gutanga umusaruro w'indashyikirwa agomba gusobanukirwa n'ingingo z'ingenzi zerekeye imiterere, umuco, n'amategeko y'izi ndimi zombi.
Isesengura ry'Imiterere y'Ijambo: Ibihuzanya n'Ibitandukanya Ikinyarwanda n'Igihongiriya
Nubwo izi ndimi zikomoka mu miryango itandukanye rwose, zifite ingingo ihuriweho ishobora gutungura monetari: zombi ni indimi zomeka (agglutinative languages). Ibi bivuze ko amagambo menshi aremwa binyuze mu komeka uturemajambo (morphemes) ku gicuku cy'ijambo (word root) kugira ngo habeho ibisobanuro bishya cyane cyane ku nshinga n'amazina.
Icyakora, uburyo ubu bwomeka bukorwamo buratandukanye cyane. Mu Kinyarwanda, komeka bikorwa cyane mu gutangira ijambo (prefixation). Urugero, inshinga y'Ikinyarwanda ishobora kubamo uturemajambo twerekana inteko y'izina, igihe, inyito, ndetse n'icyerekezo cy'igikorwa, byose bikaza mbere y'igicuku cy'inshinga. Mu Gihongiriya, komeka bikorwa hafi ya byose binyuze mu gushyira uturemajambo mu mpera z'ijambo (suffixation). Amasanduku y'imikoreshereze y'amazina (noun cases), ubwinshi, ubwigenge (possession), n'ibihe by'inshinga byose byomekwa inyuma y'ijambo. Iri hinduka ry'icyerekezo cy'utunyamajambo risaba umuhinduzi guhindura imitekerereze kugira ngo adakora amakosa y'inyubako y'interuro.
Uturemajambo n'Inteko z'Amazina mu Kinyarwanda Uhura n'Amasanduku 18 y'Igihongiriya
Ikinyarwanda kigengwa n'inteko z'amazina (noun classes) zigera kuri 16, aho buri zina rishyirwa mu nteko runaka bitewe n'uturemajambo ribanziriza. Izi nteko zigena uburyo ibinyazina, ibihembo, n'inshinga bishyikirana mu nteruro binyuze mu bwumvikane bw'inteko (concord). Ibi bitandukanye cyane n'Igihongiriya cyo kidafite inteko z'amazina ndetse kikaba nta n'igitsina cy'izina (grammatical gender) kigira, ariko kikagira gahunda ikomeye y'amasanduku y'amazina (noun cases) agera ku 18.
Mu Gihongiriya, aho gukoresha udugingo nka "kuri", "mu", "munsi", cyangwa "inyuma", bakoresha imigereka yomekwa ku mazina kugira ngo berekane icyerekezo cyangwa isano izina rifite n'ibindi bice by'interuro (urugero: illative, inessive, elative, dative). Iyo uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gihongiriya, ugomba guhindura amagambo aherekeza amazina mu Kinyarwanda ukayacundurira mu migereka ikwiye y'Igihongiriya. Kunanirwa guhuza inteko y'izina yo mu Kinyarwanda n'isanduku ry'izina ry'Igihongiriya rikwiye bituma inyandiko ihinduwe igira amakosa menshi kandi ntiyumvikane neza mu matwi y'umwenyegihugu w'Umuhungariya.
Ubwumvikane bw'Amajwi: Igihekane n'Ubwumvikane bw'Inyajwi
Mu Kinyarwanda, hari amategeko arebana n'amajwi arimo Dahl's Law (aho amajwi amwe ahinduka bitewe n'ayakurikiye) ndetse n'uburebure bw'inyajwi bufite uruhare rukomeye mu gusobanura ijambo. Mu Gihongiriya na bwo, hari itegeko rikomeye ry'ubwumvikane bw'inyajwi (vowel harmony/magánhangzó-harmónia). Iri tegeko veriko inyajwi zose ziri mu mugereka womekwa ku kigogo cy'ijambo zigomba guhuzwa n'inyajwi ziri mu kigogo ubwacyo (inyajwi z'imbere cyangwa iz'inyuma).
Umuhinduzi uva mu Kinyarwanda ajya mu Gihongiriya agomba kuba maso cyane kuko kwandika ijambo ry'Igihongiriya rifite umugereka utubahirije iri tegeko rishobora guhindura icyerekezo cy'interuro cyangwa bigatuma inyandiko idasomeka. Ni ngombwa kwitondera imyandikire y'amagambo n'imivugirwe yabyo kuko byose bigira ingaruka ku buryo ubutumwa bwakirwa.
Imyubakire y'Interuro (Syntax): Kuva mu buryo buringaniye bujya mu buryo bwegereye Imyizerere
Ubusanzwe, Ikinyarwanda gikurikiza imiterere y'interuro yitwa SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), aho inteko itangira, hagakurikiraho inshinga, hanyuma hakaza ikiziritswe. Ndetse na hano hari uburyo bwinshi bwo guhindura imyubakire y'interuro binyuze mu nshinga zishobora kwinjiza ibindi bice by'interuro muri zo.
Mu Gihongiriya, imyubakire y'interuro ntigengwa n'amategeko akaze ya SVO. Ahubwo, Igihongiriya gikurikiza gahunda y'aho ijambo rishyizwe mu nteruro bitewe n'icyo umuvuzi ashaka gushyiraho amaherezo (focus-prominent and topic-prominent language). Ijambo riri hafi y'inshinga ni ryo riba rishishikaje cyangwa rishyizweho ingufu mu nteruro. Iyo uhindura Ikinyarwanda mu Gihongiriya, ugomba kumenya icyo umwanditsi w'Ikinyarwanda yashakaga gushyiraho amaherezo (focus), maze ukubaka interuro y'Igihongiriya uhindura urukurikirane rw'amagambo kugira ngo iryo shusho rigaragazwe neza.
Isanisha ry'Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikinyamupfura
Guhindura si ugushyira amagambo mu yandi gusa; ni no guhuza imico y'abantu bavuga izo ndimi zombi. Umuco w'Abanyarwanda wuzuyemo imvugo z'ikinyamupfura, kubaha, ndetse n'imvugo z'akarimi (idioms) zishingiye ku buzima bwa buri munsi, nk'ubworozi bw'inka, imisozi, n'imikoranire y'abantu mu muryango. Urugero, amagambo nka "guca inyuma", "gukubita ibano", cyangwa "kugira amata ku rurimi" afite ibisobanuro byihariye bidashobora guhindurwa ijambo ku rindi (literal translation).
Ku rundi ruhande, umuco w'Abahungariya ufite amateka maremare y'i Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba n'imyizerere yabo. Bafite imvugo n'uburyo bwo gusuhuzanya n'ubwo kwerekana ikinyamupfura bikomeye (nk'uburyo bwa "magázás" cyangwa "tegezés" bwo kwerekana icyubahiro binyuze mu buryo bw'inshinga). Iyo uhindura, ugomba kureba niba ubutumwa bw'Ikinyarwanda bwanditswe mu buryo bw'icyubahiro bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru (nka "mwebwe" aho gukoresha "wowe") kandi ukabuhuza neza n'uburyo bwa kinyamupfura bukwiriye mu Gihongiriya.
Inama Zifashe ku Bahinduzi b'Indimi Zombi
- Irinde guhindura ijambo ku rindi: Buri gihe ssa ibisobanuro by'interuro yose aho guhindura buri jambo ukwaryo. Ibi bizakurinda gukora interuro zidafite icyo bivuze mu Gihongiriya.
- Soma cyane ibitabo n'inyandiko zanditswe n'abavuga ururimi rw'Igihongiriya kuva bakiri bato: Kugira ngo umenye neza aho amagambo aherekeza amazina n'amasanduku byo mu Gihongiriya bikoreshwa neza, ugomba kumenyera imvugo yabo ya buri munsi.
- Koresha ibikoresho bya mudasobwa byizewe ariko ubishishoze: Nubwo ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ry'ubuhinduzi (Machine Translation) ritera imbere, rirasitara cyane ku ndimi nk'Ikinyarwanda n'Igihongiriya kuko zombi zikoresha uturemajambo twinshi. Buri gihe kora isuzuma ry'inyandiko uhereye ku bumenyi bwawe bwite bw'ikibonezamvugo.
- Huzanya n'abandi bahinduzi: Gukorera hamwe n'abandi bahinduzi n'abamenyi b'indimi zombi bituma inyandiko yawe irushaho kugira ireme ryiza kandi ikavugururwa neza.
Mu gusoza, guhindura Ikinyarwanda mu Gihongiriya ni inzira ikomeye isaba kumenya neza imiterere y'indimi zombi, uburyo amagambo yubakwa, n'imyizerere y'imico yazo. Umuhinduzi ukoresha ubu buryo n'izi nama ashobora gukora inyandiko y'indashyikirwa isomeka neza, yumvikana, kandi yubahirije amategeko yose y'ubuhinduzi bw'umwuga.