Iribundo ry'Isano ry'Indimi: Ikinyarwanda n'Igisperanto
Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa ibiganiro kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gisperanto (Esperanto) ni igikorwa cy'inyabwenge gisaba kumva neza isano n'itandukaniro riri hagati y'indimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'Ikibantu rukoreshwa cyane muri Afurika yo Hagati, cyane cyane mu Rwanda, rukaba ruzwiho kugira imiterere ikomeye ishingiye ku matsinda y'amazina (noun classes) hamwe n'akaremajambo duhuza ku nshinga (agglutinative verb structure). Ku rundi ruhande, Igisperanto ni ururimi rwahanzwe n'umuco n'ubuhanga bwa L. L. Zamenhof mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, rugamije koroshya ibiganiro hagati y'abantu b'imico itandukanye. Igisperanto kizwiho kugira amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo yoroshye kandi ahoraho, ndetse n'imikoreshereze y'uduce tw'amagambo (affixes) twemerera umuntu kurema amagambo mashya mu buryo bworoshye. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bw'indimikoro uburyo bwo guhindura neza hagati y'izi ndimi zombi, inzitizi zikunze kugaragara, ndetse n'amayeri afasha abahinduzi kugera ku musaruro mwiza cyane.
Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Ikibonezamvugo
Imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo ni yo nkingi ikomeye abahinduzi bagomba kwitaho. Ikinyarwanda n'Igisperanto bifite uburyo bitandukanye cyane mu kurema interuro. Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe kwambukiranya izi nzitizi, agomba kumva neza ibi bikurikira:
- Amatsinda y'Amazina (Noun Classes) n'Ihuza ry'Inyungane: Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina abarizwa mu matsinda 16 (cyangwa 20 bitewe n'isesengura ry'indimi). Buri tsinda rifite uturemajambo twaryo tugena isano iri hagati y'izina, icyerekezo, ibihekane, n'inshinga. Mu Gisperanto, nta matsinda y'amazina ahari. Amazina yose arangira n'inyajwi "-o", naho ibinyazina n'ibihekane bikagira isano yoroshye hashingiwe gusa ku bwinshi (inyongezo "-j") ndetse n'akazi izina rikora mu nteruro (inyongezo "-n" yerekana akabyazi/accusative). Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya uko akura ya matsinda menshi y'Ikinyarwanda akayashyira mu buryo bworoheje bw'Igisperanto batakaje ubusobanuro bw'umwimerere.
- Imiterere y'Inshinga (Verb Morphology): Inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda zifite imiterere ikomeye cyane aho inshinga imwe ishobora kubamo ikimenyetso cy'umugenerwa, igihe, urwego, n'icyerekezo (urugero: "akaritubwira" bisobanura "he/she/it told us it"). Mu Gisperanto, inshinga zifite imiterere yoroshye kandi ihoraho idahinduka bitewe n'umuntu (urugero: inyerekanagihe y'ubu "-as", iy'ubutambutse "-is", ndetse n'iy'igihe kizaza "-os"). Ibi bishaka kuvuga ko inshinga imwe y'Ikinyarwanda ishobora guhindurwa n'inyandiko y'amagambo menshi mu Gisperanto kugira ngo asobanure neza umuntu n'umugenerwa w'igikorwa.
- Guhuza Ibinyazina n'Amazina: Mu Kinyarwanda, ibinyazina byerekana (demonstratives) bifite intera enye z'uburyo bintu biri kure cyangwa hafi y'uwavuze n'ubwirwa. Mu Gisperanto, hariho gusa uburyo bubiri bw'ibanze bukoresha uturemajambo twihariye (urugero: "tiu" - uriya/uyu, na "ĉi tiu" - uyu uri hafi).
Inzira n'Inzitizi mu Buhinduzi bw'Ikinyarwanda n'Igisperanto
Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo nini z'ikoranabuhanga zizwi zihuza Ikinyarwanda n'Igisperanto mu buryo butaziguye (direct translation), abahinduzi benshi bakunze gukoresha ururimi rw'igikoresho cyangwa pivot (nk'Igifaransa cyangwa Icyongereza). Iyi nzira ifite ibyiza n'ibibi byayo:
Gukoresha ururimi rwa pivot bishobora gutuma bimwe mu bisobanuro bikomeye by'umuco n'imivugire y'Ikinyarwanda bitakarira mu nzira. Urugero, imvugo nk'iz'ubupfura, kubaha, cyangwa imigenzo gakondo nka "guca mu muryango" cyangwa "gutera urwenya" mu Kinyarwanda bishobora kutagira amagambo ahwanye na byo mu Cyongereza, bikarushaho kugorana iyo bihujwe n'Igisperanto. Kugira ngo umuhinduzi yige guhindura mu buryo butaziguye (direct translation), agomba gukoresha amayeri yo kurema amagambo (compound words) mu Gisperanto hashingiwe ku mizi y'amagambo (roots) n'uduce tubanziriza cyangwa dukurikira amagambo (prefixes and suffixes).
Kurema Amagambo mu Gisperanto ku bwinshi
Kimwe mu bintu byoroshya umushinga wo guhindura ugana mu Gisperanto ni uburyo iki rurimi rukoresha uduce tw'amagambo mu guhindura ubusobanuro. Niba mu Kinyarwanda dufite amagambo atandukanye y'isano ry'umuryango (urugero: data, umubyeyi, data wacu), mu Gisperanto dushobora guhuza imizi y'amagambo y'ibanze:
- "patro" (umubyeyi w'umugabo/papa)
- "patrino" (umubyeyi w'umugore/mama) - aho "-in-" yerekana igitsina ngore.
- "gepatroj" (ababyeyi bombi) - aho "ge-" yerekana guhuza ibitsina byombi.
- "bopatro" (sebuke) - aho "bo-" yerekana isano ishingiye ku gushyingirwa.
Ubu buryo buha umuhinduzi w'Ikinyarwanda ubushobozi bwo gusobanura neza amagambo y'umuco nyarwanda adafite amagambo ahwanye na yo mu zindi ndimi, binyuze mu gusesengura ubusobanuro bw'ibanze bw'ijambo ry'Ikinyarwanda hanyuma akayarema mu Gisperanto akoresheje imizi n'udufunguzo tw'amagambo tw'urwo rurimi.
Amayeri y'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi
Kugira ngo inyandiko yahinduwe ibe isomeka neza, ifite umwimerere, kandi yubahirije amategeko y'indimi zombi, abahinduzi baragurwa gukurikiza izi nama zikurikira:
- Kwirinda Guhindura Ijambo ku Rindi (Literal Translation): Bitewe n'uko Ikinyarwanda gikoresha imvugo z'ikigereranyo n'imigani myinshi, guhindura ijambo ku rindi bishobora kurema interuro mu Gisperanto zidafite ubusobanuro cyangwa zisekeje. Ni ngombwa guhindura igitekerezo (meaning-based translation) aho guhindura amagambo yonyine.
- Kwihambira ku Mategeko 16 y'Igisperanto: Igisperanto gifite amategeko 16 y'ikibonezamvugo adahinduka kandi nta budahangarwa (exceptions) agira. Umuhinduzi agomba kuyazirikana, cyane cyane uburyo bwo gukoresha inyongera y'akabyazi "-n" igihe cyose igikorwa cyaguye ku kintu (direct object), ndetse n'ikoreshwa ry'ubwinshi bw'amazina n'ibihekane.
- Soma kandi Unonosore (Review and Proofreading): Nyuma yo guhindura umwandiko, ni ngombwa kuwusoma cyangwa kuwusangiza abandi bantu bazi neza indimi zombi cyangwa abazi Igisperanto cyonyine kugira ngo bemeze niba umuvuduko n'injyana by'umwandiko byumvikana neza.
Umwanzuro w'Inyandiko
Guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gisperanto ni uruhando rushya kandi rusaba ubushakashatsi buhoraho. Binyuze mu gusobanukirwa imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo ya buri rurimi, kumenya uko uduce tw'amagambo tw'Igisperanto dukoreshwa mu kurema ibisobanuro byiza, ndetse no kwirinda inzitizi z'indimi za pivot, umuhinduzi ashobora kurema inyandiko z'ubuziranenge zihuza abanyarwanda n'umuryango mugari w'abakoresha Igisperanto ku isi yose. Iki gikorwa ntigiteza imbere ururimi gusa, ahubwo n'isano y'imico n'ubwunvikane bw'abantu batandukanye.