Kumasulira pakati pa zinenero ziwiri zomwe zimachokera m'mafuko osiyana kotheratu a zinenero ndi ntchito yovuta komanso yosangalatsa. Chichewa ndi chinenero cha m'banja la Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, ndi Zimbabwe. Kumbali ena, Chisilovaki (Slovak) ndi chinenero cha m'banja la Indo-European, makamaka gulu la zinenero za West Slavic, zomwe zimapezeka ku Central Europe. Kuti womasulira athe kugwira ntchito imeneyi bwinobwino, pamafunika kumvetsetsa mozama kusiyana kwa kamangidwe ka ziganizo, magulu a maina, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka maverebu, komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula zinenerozi.
Kusiyana kwa Galamala: Magulu a Maina ndi Jenda
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe omasulira amakumana nazo ndi kamangidwe ka maina. Mu Chichewa, tili ndi magulu a maina (noun classes) okwana 18, omwe amatsogolera mgwirizano wa mawu m'chiganizo pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo zoyambirira (prefixes). Mwachitsanzo, gulu la "mu-a" (anthu) kapena "chi-zi" (zinthu). Kulumikizana kwa maina ndi maverebu kapena maudindo ena m'chiganizo kudalira kwambiri magulu limeneli.
Komabe, mu chinenero cha Chisilovaki, alibe magulu a maina ngati a Chichewa. M'malo mwake, amagwiritsa ntchito jenda (gender) yogawika m'magulu atatu: yachimuna (mužský rod), yachikazi (ženský rod), komanso osalowerera mbali (stredný rod). Kuwonjezera apo, Chisilovaki chimalonjeza kugwiritsa ntchito "kezi" kapena kagonedwe ka mawu (cases/pády) okwana asanu ndi limodzi (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ndi instrumental). Kezi iliyonse imasintha mapeto a dzina, chiganizo, ndi mawu ena othandizira malingana ndi ntchito yomwe dzinalo likugwira m'chiganizo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa ayenera kusamala kwambiri posankha mapeto oyenera a mawu m'Chisilovaki kuti asasokoneze tanthauzo loyambirira.
Kamangidwe ka Ziganizo ndi Mgwirizano wa Mawu
Chichewa chimatsatira dongosolo la Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) ngati njira yayikulu yopangira ziganizo. Ngakhale kuti dongosololi liliponso mu Chisilovaki, chinenerochi chili ndi ufulu waukulu wosintha dongosolo la mawu (free word order) chifukwa cha kagonedwe ka mawu (cases). Mu Chisilovaki, mutha kusintha malo a mawu m'chiganizo popanda kusintha tanthauzo lalikulu, koma posintha chidwi kapena kutsindika kwa uthengawo. Koma mu Chichewa, ngati mutasintha dongosolo la SVO popanda kuwonjezera mawu ena othandizira, tanthauzo limatha kusintha kotheratu kapena chiganizocho kukhala chopanda nzeru.
Womasulira wodziwa bwino ntchito amadziwa kuti sayenera kumasulira mawu ndi mawu (literal translation). M'malo mwake, ayenera kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la chiganizo chonse cha Chichewa ndikuchimanga m'Chisilovaki pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lomwe limamveka mwachibadwidwe kwa mbadwa za ku Slovakia.
Maverebu ndi Nthawi (Verb Tenses and Aspects)
Mu Chichewa, maverebu amakhala ndi ziwonjezero zambiri (affixes) zomwe zimawonetsa nthawi (past, present, future), mmene chinthu chikuchitikira (aspect), komanso mgwirizano wa mutu ndi chinthu cholembedwa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti verebu limodzi la Chichewa lithe kuyimira chiganizo chonse. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "ndidzakulemberani" ali ndi nthawi (dza), wochita (ndi), cholandira (ku), ndi verebu lenileni (lemba) pamodzi ndi mathero osonyeza ulemu kapena ambiri (ni).
Kumbali ya Chisilovaki, maverebu nawo ndi ovuta kwambiri chifukwa amasintha malingana ndi munthu (woyamba, wachiwiri, kapena wachitatu), unyinji, nthawi, komanso kachitidwe ka zochita komwe kumagawika pakati pa "perfective" (zochita zomwe zamalizidwa) ndi "imperfective" (zochita zomwe zikupitirira kapena zachizolowezi). Omasulira ayenera kusamala kwambiri posankha gulu la verebu loyenera m'Chisilovaki kuti athe kufotokoza nthawi ndi kachitidwe koyenera kamene kali mu Chichewa.
Matchulidwe, Kalembedwe, ndi Zizindikiro
Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Chilatini zosavuta, popanda zizindikiro zambiri pamwamba pa zilembo (diacritics). Koma Chisilovaki chili ndi zilembo zambiri zomwe zili ndi zizindikiro zapadera ngati dĺžeň (chizindikiro chosonyeza mawu otalika ngati á, é, í) kapena mäkčeň (chizindikiro chofewetsa mawu ngati č, š, ž). Kusiyana kumeneku kumafuna kuti womasulira azisunga malamulo onse a kalembedwe ka Chisilovaki pochita ntchito yake. Zolakwitsa pa kalembedwe ka zilembozi zitha kusintha tanthauzo la mawu kapena kupangitsa zolembazo kukhala zosawerengeka bwino.
Kusamutsa Chikhalidwe m'Kumasulira
Kumasulira sikutanthauza kusintha mawu okha, komanso kusamutsa chikhalidwe. Chichewa chili ndi miyambi, mafotokozedwe a makhalidwe, ndi mawu okhhudza ulemu omwe alibe ofanana nawo achindunji mu Chisilovaki. Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro a "ufulu" kapena "chithandizo cha anthu ammudzi" mu chikhalidwe cha mu Africa amafunika kufotokozedwa m'njira yoti anthu a ku Europe (omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana) athe kumva tanthauzo lake lenileni. Ndi udindo wa womasulira kupeza mawu ofanana nawo kapena kufotokoza mofatsa popanda kutaya mtima wa uthengawo.
Malangizo Othandiza Omasulira Chichewa Kupita ku Chisilovaki
- Mvetsetsani Cholinga cha Uthenga: Musanayambe kumasulira, werengani cholembedwa chonse kuti mumvetse uthenga wonse ndi mtundu wa owerenga omwe akuwatsata.
- Pezani Reference Materials: Gwiritsani ntchito madikishonare odalirika ndi nkhokwe za mawu (glossaries) za zinenero ziwirizi.
- Gwiritsani Ntchito Zipangizo Zamakono: Gwiritsani ntchito ma CAT Tools omwe amathandiza kusunga mgwirizano wa mawu ndi kukumbukira kumasulira komwe kwachitika kale (translation memory).
- Werenganinso ndi Kukonza: Mukamaliza, patulani nthawi yowerenganso cholembacho kuti mukonze zolakwika za kalembedwe, galamala, ndi matchulidwe.
- Funsani Katswiri wa Chinenero cha Target: Ngati n'kotheka, tumizani ntchito yanu kwa mbadwa ya Chisilovaki (native Slovak speaker) kuti iwerenge ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikugwirizana ndi kamvedwe kachibadwidwe.
Kutsatira njira izi kukuonetserani kuti kumasulira kwanu kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita ku Chisilovaki kukhala kwapamwamba kwambiri komanso kothandiza pa ntchito yanu yotsegula njira zolumikizirana pakati pa anthu a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana izi.