Guhindura inyandiko ku buryo bwo gukura ururimi rumwe ujyana mu rundi ntabwo ari umurimo w'ubuhinduzi busanzwe bw'amagambo ku yandi, ahubwo ni inzira y'ubushabitsi, guhuza imico, no kumvikanisha ibitekerezo by'umwimerere hashingiwe ku mbonezarurimi n'amateka by'indimi zombi. Iyo bigeze ku guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gitamili (Tamil), uyu murimo uba urimo imbogamizi n'amayeri yihariye kubera ko izi ndimi zombi zikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye rwose, kandi zikaba zifite imiterere n'imyandikire bitandukanye cyane. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse uburyo bwo guhuza izi ndimi zombi, ikomeza ku ngero zifatika ndetse n'inama z'inzobere zafasha umuhinduzi wese kugera ku musaruro mwiza cyane kandi wisomeka neza.
Incamake ku Nteruro n'Imiterere y'Indimi zombi
Ikinyarwanda n'Igitamili ni ndimi zifite uburyo zikoresha bwo kwometanya amagambo (agglutinative languages), ariko zitandukaniye mu buryo bukomeye ku bijyanye n'aho ibice by'interuro bishyirwa. Ikinyarwanda kiba mu muryango w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages) kandi cyo gikoresha uburyo bukurikira: Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), bivuze ko Inyandiko ikurikiranya Uruhande Rukora (Subject), Inshinga (Verb), n'Uruhande Rukorerwa (Object). Urugero rw'interuro isanzwe: "Umwana anywa amata".
Ku rundi ruhande, Igitamili ni rumwe mu ndimi zikomeye mu muryango w'Abadravidi (Dravidian languages) rukoreshwa cyane mu Buhinde bw'Amajyepfo n'amajyaruguru ya Sri Lanka. Uru rurimi rwo rukoresha uburyo bwa Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), aho inshinga ihora iza ku musozo w'interuro. Mu rugero rwacu rw'umwana unywa amata, mu Gitamili byahinduka "Umwana amata anywa". Iri hinduka ry'imiterere y'interuro risaba umuhinduzi guhindura imitekerereze ye yose kugira ngo adakoresha imiterere y'Ikinyarwanda mu Gitamili, ibyo bikaba byateza urujijo n'amakosa akomeye mu myumvikane.
Guhuza Inteko z'Amazina yo mu Kinyarwanda n'Uburyo bw'Amazina mu Gitamili
Kimwe mu bintu bigoye cyane mu mbonezarurimi y'Ikinyarwanda ni inteko z'amazina (noun classes) zigera kuri 16, zigenga uburyo amagambo yose ahura mu nteruro binyuze mu bimbanziriza n'uturemajambo tw'amahuza. Mu Gitamili nta nteko z'amazina zimeze nk'iz'Ikinyarwanda zihari, ariko bafite uburyo bwabo bwihariye bwo kugabanya amazina mu byiciro bibiri bikomeye: "Uyarthinai" (amazina y'abantu, imana, n'ibindi bifite ubwenge) na "Aqrinai" (amazina y'ibintu bidafite ubugingo, inyamaswa, n'ibimera). Ibi byiciro nibyo bigena amaherezo y'inshinga n'uburyo zifatana n'amazina.
Ikindi kandi, Igitamili gikoresha uburyo bw'amazina kufite uturemajambo tw'imikoreshereze (noun cases/declensions) tugera ku munani (8 cases). Ubu buryo bw'imikoreshereze y'amazina (nk'icyerekeza, icyakoze, icyakorewe, n'ibindi) nibyo bikoreshwa mu gihe mu Kinyarwanda hakoreshwa cyane imbanzirizajambo (prepositions) n'inshinga zongereweho uduce. Urugero, iyo uvuga ngo "ku meza" mu Kinyarwanda, mu Gitamili ukoresha izina "ameza" ukayometaho agace kerekana aho ikintu kiri (Locative case ending "-il"), bikaza kumvikana nk'ijambo rimwe.
Inshinga n'Imitegerekere y'Ibihe n'Uburyo
Kubera ko Ikinyarwanda n'Igitamili byose ari indimi zikoresha uturemajambo twometwa ku nshinga (agglutinative verb systems), inshinga zaho zishobora guhagararira interuro yose. Mu Kinyarwanda, inshinga ishobora kwometwaho imbanziriza z'inteko, uturemajambo tw'umuntu, igihe, ndetse n'inshinga-mfasha. Urugero: "Ntabwo azakibona" ikururwa n'uturemajambo tutandukanye twomatanye ku muzi w'inshinga "-bona".
Mu Gitamili na ho, inshinga ikorwa hongerwaho uduce tw'inyuma (suffixes) twerekana igihe n'umuntu (Gender-Number-Person). Imyubakire y'inshinga mu Gitamili ikurikira ubu buryo: Umuzi w'inshinga (Verb Root) + Agace k'Igihe (Tense Marker) + Agace k'Umuntu/Igitsina (Gender-Number-Person marker). Kuri uyu mushinga, umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza igihe inyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda yandikiwe kuko Ikinyarwanda gifite ibihe byihariye bishobora kutaba mu Gitamili mu buryo bugaragara (urugero nka ahashize hafi n'ahashize kure). Mu Gitamili, ibi bihe bikunze kugaragazwa hakoreshejwe andi magambo y'inyengeri yerekana igihe kugira ngo ibyabaye bisobanuke neza.
Ubwubahane n'Imivugirwe y'Icyubahiro (Honorifics)
Mu muco w'Abatamil, kubaha no kwerekana icyubahiro mu rurimi (honorifics) ni ikintu gifite amategeko akomeye cyane kandi kidashobora kwirengagizwa mu buhinduzi. Igitamili gifite inyazina n'inshinga zihariye zikoreshwa gusa mu gihe uvuga umuntu mukuru cyangwa umuntu uri mu rwego rw'icyubahiro. Urugero, aho gukoresha inyazina "Nee" (wowe) ikoreshwa ku nshuti n'abana, ukoresha "Neenga" cyangwa "Neengal" (mwe) ku bantu bakuru. Ibi bigenda no ku nshinga, aho iherezo ryayo ryerekana niba uwo uvuga umwubaha cyangwa umufata nk'usanzwe.
Mu Kinyarwanda na ho, icyubahiro cyerekanwa mu buryo butandukanye, cyane cyane binyuze mu mikoreshereze y'izina mu nteko ya 2 (urugero: "Mwaramutse" aho kuba "Waramutse") cyangwa gukoresha imvugo z'ikinyabupfura z'icyubahiro. Umuhinduzi agomba gushishoza cyane, agasoma inyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda yitonze kugira ngo yirinde guhindura mu Gitamili akoresheje imvugo isanzwe nka "Nee" mu gihe inyandiko ya mbere yagaragazaga icyubahiro, kuko ibi byafatwa nko kutubaha mu muco w'Abatamil.
Ibibazo bijyanye n'Imiyandikire n'Itandukanyajwi (Transliteration and Phonetics)
Kubera ko Ikinyarwanda gikoresha inyuguti z'Ikilatini (Latin alphabet) naho Igitamili gikoresha inyuguti zacyo bwite z'Abadravidi (Tamil script), guhindura amazina y'abantu n'ahantu bisaba kwitonda cyane. Igitamili nta nyuguti zihariye gifite zigaragaza amajwi amwe n'amwe nk'irya "G", "D", cyangwa "B" mu buryo buhoraho nk'uko biri mu Kinyarwanda. Urugero, inyuguti imwe mu Gitamili ishobora gusomwa nka "K" cyangwa "G" bitewe n'aho ihagaze mu ijambo.
Amazina nka "Kagame" cyangwa "Butare" agomba kwandikwa mu Gitamili mu buryo buhuye neza n'uko asomwa muri urwo rurimi, ariko bikurikije amategeko y'iyandika ry'Igitamili (Tamil orthography), kugira ngo umusomyi w'Umutamil abashe kuyasoma neza nta kabuza. Ibi bisaba umuhinduzi kugira ubumenyi buhagije ku buryo amajwi atandukanye y'Ikinyarwanda ahuzwa n'inyuguti z'Igitamili nta gupfobya imivugirwe y'amagambo.
Guhuza Imico n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo (Transcreation and Idioms)
Ikinyarwanda n'Igitamili bikomoka mu mico itandukanye cyane y'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'Ubuhinde bw'Amajyepfo. Hari amagambo menshi y'ikigereranyo (idioms) cyangwa imigani adashobora guhindurwa ijambo ku rindi. Urugero, "Gukura ubwatsi" cyangwa "Guca amazi" mu Kinyarwanda ntabwo wabitradusa ijambo ku rindi mu Gitamili ngo byumvikane. Umuhinduzi agomba gushaka imvugo ihuye n'iyo mu Gitamili ariko ikoresha ibintu byo mu muco wabo w'Abatamil (urugero nka "gushimira", "gucika intege" cyangwa izindi mvugo z'ikigereranyo zishingiye ku buhinzi n'imigenzo y'Abatamil).
Ubu buryo bwo guhindura imvugo hashingiwe ku muco w'abategereje inyandiko bwitwa "Transcreation". Bisaba ko umuhinduzi areka gukurikiza amagambo gusa, ahubwo agahindura igitekerezo n'amarangamutima inyandiko y'umwimerere yashakaga gutanga, akayandika mu buryo buhuye neza n'uburyo Umutamil asanzwe avugamo kandi yumva ibintu.
Inama z'Inzobere n'Amayeri yo Guhindura Neza
- 1. Gusesengura inyubako y'interuro: Banza usome interuro yose y'Ikinyarwanda, ugaragaze inshinga n'intego yayo, ubone kuyishyira mu miterere ya SOV y'Igitamili. Ntugerageze guhindura ijambo rimwe ku rindi utarasoma ngo wumve interuro yose aho igana.
- 2. Kwitondera Uturemajambo tw'Izina (Cases): Koresha imyanzuro y'amazina (case markers) ikwiye mu Gitamili kugira ngo wirinde akajagari mu nteruro n'imyumvikane mike.
- 3. Imikoreshereze y'Ibihe (Tense Alignment): Ikinyarwanda gifite ibihe byinshi (nk'ahashize hafi, ahashize kure, n'ibindi). Menya neza uko ubihuza n'ibihe bitatu by'ibanze by'Igitamili ukoresheje amagambo yerekana igihe kugira ngo umwimerere w'amateka udapfa.
- 4. Gusoma no Gusubiramo: Nyuma yo guhindura, reka umuntu uvuga Igitamili nko mu rurimi rwayo rw'amavuko (native speaker) asome inyandiko kugira ngo arebe niba yisomeka neza kandi ifite umwimerere wabo.