Umwuga wo guhindura indimi ni umwe mu biraro bikomeye bihuza abantu b'umuco n'amateka bitandukanye. Mu gihe Isi igenda ihinduka umudugudu umwe, taransileti cyangwa guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rumwe ugana mu rundi biragenda birushaho gukenerwa. Muri iyi nyandiko, turasesengura byimbitse inzira n'amayeri yo guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda (ururimi rwa Bantu rwavuzwe cyane muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba) ugana mu Gitajiki (ururimi rw'Indo-European rwavuzwe cyane muri Aziya yo Kati, cyane cyane mu gihugu cya Tajikistani). Izi ndimi zombi zifite imiterere n'imyandikire bitandukanye cyane, ibi rero bikaba bisaba umuhinduzi kugira ubumenyi bwimbitse n'ubushishozi buhambaye.
Gusobanukirwa Imiterere y'Indimi Zombi n'Imyandikire
Kugira ngo ubuhinduzi buve mu Kinyarwanda bujya mu Gitajiki bugende neza, intambwe ya mbere ni ukumenya aho indimi zombi zitandukaniye mu buryo bw'ikibonezamvugo n'imyandikire. Ikinyarwanda kigizwe n'inyuguti z'Ikiriromani (Latin/Roman alphabet) nk'izikoreshwa mu Cyongereza n'Igifaransa. Igitajiki cyo cyahoze cyandikishwa inyuguti z'Icyarabu n'Ikiriromani mu mateka yacyo, ariko kuva mu mwaka wa 1940 kugeza n'uyu munsi, gikoresha inyuguti z'Ikiriliki (Cyrillic alphabet) zashyizwemo inyuguti zihariye zikoreshwa mu Gitajiki gusa nka Ҷ, Ӣ, Қ, Ӯ, Ҳ, Ғ.
Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba kuba azi gusoma no kwandika inyuguti z'Ikiriliki nta mbogamizi. Mu gihe uhindura amazina y'abantu, amazina y'ahantu (toponyms), cyangwa amagambo y'umuco atagira igisobanuro kiziguye mu Gitajiki, ugomba gukoresha uburyo bwo guhindura inyuguti (transliteration) hashingiwe ku buryo amajwi yumvikana mu rurimi rwakiriye inyandiko. Urugero, amajwi nka "sh", "ts", cyangwa "cy" mu Kinyarwanda agomba gushakirwa inyuguti z'Ikiriliki zihura na yo mu Gitajiki neza.
Guhindura Inyubako y'Interuro (Syntax Adaptation): SVO vs SOV
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye mu kibonezamvugo ni ihinduka ry'inyubako y'interuro. Ikinyarwanda gishingiye ku nyubako ya SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), aho inshinga iza mbere y'ubwuzuzanyirizo. Urugero: "Umuhinzi ahinga umurima." (Umuhinzi = Nyirugukora/Subject, ahinga = Inshinga/Verb, umurima = Ubwuzuzanyirizo/Object). Mu Gitajiki, imiterere y'interuro iba ishize ku buryo bwa SOV (Subject-Object-Verb), aho inshinga ishyirwa ku musozo w'interuro. Interuro nk'iyo ihinduka ku kupi "Umuhinzi umurima ahinga."
Iyo inyandiko iba ndende kandi igizwe n'interuro zigoranye cyangwa z'impinyuzano, guhindura inyubako y'interuro bisaba umuhinduzi kwitonda cyane. Niba udashyize inshinga ku musozo mu Gitajiki, interuro irangira idafite icyerekezo kandi umusomyi w'Umutajiki ntiyashobora kuyisobanukirwa. Ibi bisaba gusenya interuro y'Ikinyarwanda ukayubaka bundi bushya hashingiwe ku mategeko y'Igitajiki.
Uburyo bwa Ezafe (Ezafe Construction) n'Ibyiciro by'Amazina
Ikinyarwanda kizwiho kugira ibyiciro by'amazina (amatsinda y'amazina 16 cyangwa 20 bitewe n'isesengura) agena uburyo amagambo yose yiyunga mu nteruro. Mu Gitajiki, nta byiciro by'amazina bihari, kandi nta gitsina cy'amazina (grammatical gender) nk'uko bigenda mu zindi ndimi z'Indo-European. Igitajiki cyo gikoresha uburyo bwitwa "Ezafe" (izina rikomoka mu Cyarabu ryerekana isano) mu guhuza amazina n'amarenga cyangwa ibintu biyerekeyeho.
Uburyo bwa Ezafe bukoresha umugereka w'ijwi "-i" (cyangwa "-yi" niba izina rirangira n'ijwi ry'inyajwi) ryongerwa ku izina rya mbere kugira ngo ryerekane isano y'ubutware, isano y'imiterere, cyangwa ibisobanuro bindi. Urugero:
- Mu Kinyarwanda: "igitabo cy'umunyeshuri"
- Mu Gitajiki: "kitobi donishju" (kitob = igitabo, donishju = umunyeshuri, naho "-i" ikaba Ezafe ihuza ayo magambo yombi).
Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza aho ashyira iri jwi rya Ezafe kuko ari ryo ribika isano yose y'amazina mu nteruro. Kutaryandika neza bishobora guhindura igisobanuro cy'interuro yose.
Imvugo z'Icyubahiro n'Amateka y'Umuco
Umuco w'Abanyarwanda n'umuco w'Abatajiki ifite ibintu byinshi ihuriraho, cyane cyane mu bijyanye no kubaha abakuze n'abayobozi. Mu Kinyarwanda, dukoresha imvugo nk'iyi: "muriho", "murakoze", cyangwa tugakoresha "namwe" mu gihe twerekeza ku muntu umwe ariko dushaka kumwubaha. Mu Gitajiki na ho, hari itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y'umuntu usanzwe n'uwo wubaha. Bakoresha ijambo "tu" (wowe - mu buryo busanzwe) n'ijambo "shumo" (mwebwe - mu buryo bw'icyubahiro cyangwa ku bantu benshi).
Umuhinduzi agomba gusesengura inyandiko agahita amenya uwo yerekeza (target audience) kugira ngo ahitemo niba azakoresha "tu" cyangwa "shumo". Gukoresha imvugo isanzwe ku muntu ukwiye icyubahiro mu Gitajiki bafatwa n'Abatajiki nk'agasuzuguro gakomeye, ibi rero bikaba byasenya intego y'inyandiko yose.
Inama Z'inguzi n'Amayeri yo Kunoza Ubuhinduzi
Kubera ko Ikinyarwanda n'Igitajiki bidakunze guhindurwa ku buryo butaziguye bitewe n'intera y'imico n'indimi, abahinduzi bakoresha amayeri akurikira:
- Gukoresha Ururimi rw'Ikiraro (Pivot Language): Akenshi bikunze korohera umuhinduzi guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda akageza mu Cyongereza cyangwa mu Gifaransa, hanyuma akazakura muri izo ndimi akajyana mu Gitajiki cyangwa se akifashisha Ikirusiya nk'ikiraro, kubera ko Igitajiki n'Ikirusiya bifite amateka ahuriyeho ndetse n'inkoranyamagambo zikomeye. Ariko aha ugomba kwitonda kugira ngo igisobanuro cy'umwimerere kitazazima muri iryo hinduranya rya kabiri.
- Gushakisha Ibisobanuro by'Umuco (Cultural Equivalents): Imigani, imvugo z'ikinyarwanda, n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo ntibishobora guhindurwa ijambo ku rindi. Ugomba gushaka imvugo ishobora kumvikana mu buryo bw'umuco w'Abatajiki nta guhindura amagambo atumvikana.
- Gukoresha Inkoranyamagambo Zikomeye: Ni ngombwa kwifashisha ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga n'inkoranyamagambo z'Igitajiki zigezweho kugira ngo umenye amagambo mashya y'ikoranabuhanga n'amategeko akoreshwa muri Tajikistani muri iki gihe.
- Gusubiramo no Gukosora: Inyandiko yose ihinduwe igomba gusomwa n'Umutajiki kavukire (native speaker) kugira ngo arebe niba yanditswe mu rurimi rutemba neza kandi rukoresha amagambo asanzwe yumvikana mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
Umwanzuro w'Inzobere
Guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gitajiki si umurimo woroshye bitewe n'aho indimi zombi zitandukaniye mu mateka, umuco, n'imiterere y'inyandiko. Cyakora, iyo umuhinduzi yitaye ku mategeko y'inyubako ya SOV, uburyo bwa Ezafe, n'imyandikire y'inyuguti z'Ikiriliki, ashobora gusohora inyandiko y'indashyikirwa kandi yubahirije umwimerere w'inyandiko y'umwanzuro. Kugira ubushishozi, kwihangana, no gukunda gukora ubushakashatsi ni rwo rufunguzo rwo kugera ku buhinduzi buzira amakosa kandi buhamye.