Guhindura inyandiko ku buryo buhamye kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ujyana mu Giheburayo (kaba Igiheburayo cya none cyangwa icya kera) ni umurimo usaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi ndetse n'imico yazo. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages) rukoresha sisitemu y'inteko z'amazina n'inyajwi zifatanye, mu gihe Igiheburayo ari ururimi rw'Abasemitike (Semitic languages) rushingiye ku mizi y'amagambo y'imyugariro itatu cyangwa ine (shorashim) n'inyajwi zisimburana. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse inzira, ingamba, n'inama zafasha umuhinduzi w'umwaga kugera ku musaruro utunganye inyandiko igasomeka neza kandi ikagumana ubutumwa bw'umwimerere.
Imiterere y'Indimi n'Ingorane z'Ikibonezamvugo (Grammatical Structures)
Imyandikire n'ikibonezamvugo by'Ikinyarwanda bitandukanye cyane n'iby'Igiheburayo. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha imiterere y'interuro ya Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) mu buryo bwiganje, ariko kubera ko ari ururimi rw'inteko (agglutinative language), inshinga imwe ishobora kubamo ingereka zerekana uwo bigirirwa, igihe, ndetse n'inteko y'izina ry'icyiciro cya mbere cyangwa icya kabiri. Ku rundi ruhande, Igiheburayo cyo mu bihe bya none gikoresha na cyo SVO, ariko Igiheburayo cya kera (biblical Hebrew) gikoresha cyane Verb-Subject-Object (VSO). Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza umuryango w'inyandiko arimo guhindura kugira ngo ashyire amagambo mu mwanya ukwiye.
Muri iki gice, umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda cyane igihe ahindura inshinga zifite imizi itandukanye. Mu Giheburayo, inshinga zubakirwa ku cyitwa "Binyanim" (imiterere irindwi y'inshinga) ihindura igisobanuro cy'inshinga bitewe n'inyajwi n'inyuguti zongerwamo. Mu Kinyarwanda, ibi bihuye n'ingereka z'inshinga nk'izikora (active), izikorerwa (passive), izishobora (potential), cyangwa izisaba (causative). Kumenya guhuza ingereka z'Ikinyarwanda n'imiterere ya Binyanim yo mu Giheburayo ni inkingi ikomeye yo kubona igisobanuro nyacyo kidapfobeje ubutumwa.
Icyerekezo cy'Imyandikire: Kuva Ibumoso ugana Iburyo (LTR) n'Iburyo ugana Ibumoso (RTL)
Imbogamizi ikomeye ya tekiniki mu guhindura Ikinyarwanda ujyana mu Giheburayo ni icyerekezo cy'imyandikire. Ikinyarwanda cyandikwa kuva ibumoso ugana iburyo (Left-to-Right - LTR) gikoresha inyuguti z'ikilatini, mu gihe Igiheburayo cyandikwa kuva iburyo ugana ibumoso (Right-to-Left - RTL) kandi kikagira inyuguti zacyo bwite (Alef-Bet). Ibi ntibireba gusa imyandikire y'amagambo, ahubwo binagira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo inyandiko zitegurwa kuri mudasobwa (layout formatting) ndetse n'imikoreshereze y'utumenyetso tw'amakoma n'utubazo.
Iyo uhindura inyandiko zikoresha ikoranabuhanga nka HTML, CSS, cyangwa ibikoresho by'ubuhinduzi (CAT Tools), ni ngombwa gukoresha ibirango nka dir="rtl" mu bice by'inshingano mu Giheburayo kugira ngo interuro n'utumenyetso byazo bitavangavanze. Umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda cyane ku mibare n'amagambo y'indimi z'amahanga zishobora kugaragara mu nyandiko, kuko byo bigumana icyerekezo cy'ibumoso ugana iburyo, bikaba bishobora guteza akavuyo mu isomeka ry'interuro niba bidateguwe neza.
Guhuza Inteko z'Amazina y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikigabo n'Ikigore cy'Igiheburayo
Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina abashwa mu nteko zirenga cumi na zirindwi (17+) hashingiwe ku birango by'amazina (prefixes). Ibi bitandukanye n'Igiheburayo gifite ibyiciro bibiri gusa by'igitsina: Ikigabo (Masculine) n'Ikigore (Feminine). Amazina yose mu Giheburayo, yaba ay'abantu, ay'inyamaswa, cyangwa ay'ibintu bitagira ubuzima, agomba kugwa mu kimwe muri ibi gitsina byombi, kandi ibi bikagira ingaruka ku nshinga, ibihetsi, ndetse n'ibihekeri biyerekezaho.
Iyo uhindura izina nk' "intebe" (inteko ya 9/10 mu Kinyarwanda) ryererekeza ku Giheburayo "kise" (כיסא), umuhinduzi agomba kumenya ko iki kintu mu Giheburayo gifatwa nk'ikigabo (masculine singular), bityo inshinga n'ibinyazina byose vizakoreshwa bikurikiraho bikagomba kubahiriza ayo mabwiriza. Ibi bisaba umuhinduzi kuba afite urutonde rw'amazina n'ibigero byayo kugira ngo yirinde amakosa y'ikibonezamvugo yatuma inyandiko itakarirwa icyizere n'abayisoma.
Ubwimure bw'Umuco n'Amagambo Atagira Ibisobanuro Direct (Cultural Transcreation)
Indimi zombi, Ikinyarwanda n'Igiheburayo, zishoye imizi yazo mu muco ukomeye kandi utandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda gifite imico n'imigenzo bijyanye n'ubworozi bw'inka, umuryango, n'ubumuntu (ubupfura, guhana amata, kwatura, n'ibindi). Ku rundi ruhande, Igiheburayo gifite imizi yacyo mu muco w'Abayuda, amateka y'iyobokamana rya Bibiliya, ndetse n'amateka yo mu Burasirazuba bwo Kati.
Ingero z'imvugo zikunze kugorana harimo nka "Umuganda" cyangwa "Gacaca". Niba uri guhindurira inyandiko abasomyi bo muri Isiraheli, guhindura aya magambo ijambo ku rindi bishobora kutumvikana. Umuhinduzi ashobora gukoresha uburyo bwo gusobanura cyangwa gushyiraho igisobanuro cyegereye umuco w'Igiheburayo nka "Tzedakah" cyangwa "Tikun Olam" mu bihe bimwe, ariko agasobanura neza ko biterwa n'imiterere y'umuco w'u Rwanda. Ibi ni byo byitwa transcreation, aho umuhinduzi atazana amagambo gusa ahubwo azana n'imitekerereze n'intekerezo z'umuco nyir'izina.
Uruhare rw'Imyemerere n'Inyito mu Buhinduzi (Semantic Fields and Terminology)
Mu rurimi rw'Igiheburayo, cyane cyane kubera amateka n'iyobokamana rishingiye ku Byanditswe Byera, hari amagambo menshi afite ibisobanuro bikomeye by'imyemerere n'iyobokamana bidashobora kubonwa mu Kinyarwanda mu buryo bworoshye. Ugereranyije, Ikinyarwanda na cyo gifite inyito z'iyobokamana rya gakondo (nko kwambaza, Guterekera, Imana y'i Rwanda) zifite ibisobanuro byihariye by'umuco nyarwanda. Iyo uhindura hagati y'izi ndimi zombi, ni ngombwa kumenya inyito zikwiye ku buryo bidateza urujijo ku basomyi. Umuhinduzi agomba kubanza kumenya neza umuryango n'icyiciro cy'abasomyi yandikira: niba ari inyandiko z'amateka, iz'idini, cyangwa iz'ubuzima bwa buri munsi na politiki, kuko buri cyiciro kigenerwa urwego rw'imyandikire y'Igiheburayo cyangwa Ikinyarwanda cyihariye.
Inama Zikomeye n'Ibyo Kwitwararika ku Bahinduzi
Kugira ngo ugerereze neza intego yo guhindura ku buryo bw'umwaga inyandiko ikurwamo mu Kinyarwanda ijyanwa mu Giheburayo, n'ubwo waba ukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, dore inama zikomeye wagenderaho:
- Soma ubutumwa bwose mbere yo guhindura: Ntugahindure interuro ku yindi udatangiye gusoma inyandiko yose kugira ngo usobanukirwe insanganyamatsiko n'ikigamijwe mu mwandiko.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zizewe: N'ubwo inkoranyamagambo z'ikoranabuhanga zifasha, koresha inyandiko z'indimi zombi zasuzumwe n'abahanga cyangwa inkoranyamagambo zihariye z'inyigisho (academic dictionaries).
- Ubwitange ku myandikire y'Igiheburayo (Nikud): Muri iki gihe Igiheburayo cyandikwa badashyiraho inyajwi (points/nikud), ariko ku magambo agoye cyangwa ashobora kwitiranywa, ni ngombwa gushyiramo utumenyetso tw'inyajwi kugira ngo umusomyi ahabwe igisobanuro nyacyo.
- Saba isubiramo ry'inyandiko (Proofreading): Buri gihe nyuma yo guhindura, saba umuntu uvuga Igiheburayo nko rurimi rwe rw'amavuko (native speaker) gusoma no kugorora inyandiko yawe kugira ngo isomeke nk'iyanditswe mu buryo bw'umwimerere.
Guhindura hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiheburayo ni ikiraro gihuza amateka, umuco, n'imitekerereze bitandukanye cyane ariko bishobora guhuzwa n'ubuhanga bw'umuhinduzi. Gukurikiza izi nama n'iri sesengura bizafasha mu kubaka inyandiko z'ubuziranenge zujuje ibipimo mpuzamahanga by'ubuhinduzi.